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IB Math: When to Use Integration by Parts | IB数学:分部积分法的适用场景

2026-08-30 15:59 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 IB Math: When to Use Integration by Parts | IB数学:分部积分法的适用场景

Integration by parts is one of the most powerful techniques in the IB Mathematics Analysis and Approaches (AA) HL curriculum. It transforms a difficult integral into a simpler one using the product rule in reverse. This article explains exactly when to use it, how to choose u and dv, and what examiners expect in IB questions.

分部积分法是IB数学分析与方法(AA)HL课程中最强大的技巧之一。它通过逆向使用乘积法则,将困难的积分转化为更简单的积分。本文将准确解释何时使用分部积分法、如何选择 u 和 dv,以及IB考官在题目中期待什么。


1. The Formula and Its Derivation | 公式及其推导

The formula is obtained by integrating the product rule. If u and v are functions of x, then:

∫ u dv = u v − ∫ v du

Equivalently, in the form you will normally apply in IB:

∫ u (dv/dx) dx = u v − ∫ v (du/dx) dx

Because the product rule states (uv)' = u v' + v u'. Integrating both sides and rearranging gives the formula above.

该公式通过对乘积法则求积分得到。如果 u 和 v 是 x 的函数,则:

∫ u dv = u v − ∫ v du

等价地,在IB中你通常应用的形式为:

∫ u (dv/dx) dx = u v − ∫ v (du/dx) dx

因为乘积法则指出 (uv)' = u v' + v u'。对两边积分并整理即得上式。


2. The Core Idea: When to Use It | 核心思想:何时使用它

Integration by parts is appropriate when the integrand is a product of two functions from different families, and one function becomes simpler when differentiated. Typical cases include:

当被积函数是两个不同函数族中函数的乘积,且其中一个函数在求导后变得更简单时,分部积分法适用。典型情况包括:

Notice that logarithmic and inverse trigonometric functions have no simple antiderivative that you would know from IB, so you must differentiate them. Therefore they should be chosen as u.

注意,对数和反三角函数没有你在IB中已知的简单原函数,因此必须对它们求导。所以应将它们选为 u。


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3. Polynomial × Exponential | 多项式 × 指数函数

Example: ∫ x eˣ dx. Let u = x and dv = eˣ dx. Then du = dx and v = eˣ. Applying the formula:

例如:∫ x eˣ dx。令 u = x,dv = eˣ dx。则 du = dx,v = eˣ。应用公式:

∫ x eˣ dx = x eˣ − ∫ eˣ dx = x eˣ − eˣ + C

If the polynomial has degree n, you apply parts n times. For example, ∫ x² eˣ dx requires two applications: first reduce x² to 2x, then reduce 2x to 2.

如果多项式次数为 n,则需应用分部积分 n 次。例如,∫ x² eˣ dx 需要两次应用:第一次将 x² 降为 2x,第二次将 2x 降为 2。

In IB exams, a common trick is to write eˣ vative, so choosing u = polynomial ensures that the polynomial degree decreases each time.

在IB考试中,一个常见技巧是将 eˣ 视为其自身导数,因此选择 u = 多项式可确保多项式的次数每次降低。


4. Polynomial × Trigonometric | 多项式 × 三角函数

Example: ∫ x cos x dx. Let u = x, dv = cos x dx. Then du = dx, v = sin x. Therefore:

例如:∫ x cos x dx。令 u = x,dv = cos x dx。则 du = dx,v = sin x。因此:

∫ x cos x dx = x sin x − ∫ sin x dx = x sin x + cos x + C

Be careful with signs: differentiating the trigonometric function is fine, but integrating it also works because we know the integrals of sin x and cos x. The deciding factor is that x is simpler after differentiation.

要注意符号:对三角函数求导没问题,因为我们也知道 sin x 和 cos x 的积分。决定因素是 x 在求导后更简单。


5. Polynomial × Logarithmic | 多项式 × 对数函数

expected to know its integral if using the basic formula). So let u = ln x and dv = x dx.

例如:∫ x ln x dx。这里你不能轻松积分 ln x(在使用基本公式时也不应知晓其积分)。所以令 u = ln x,dv = x dx。

Then du = (1/x) dx and v = x² / 2. Notice we write v as x²/2 (or ½ x²).

则 du = (1/x) dx,v = x² / 2。注意我们写 v 为 x²/2(即 ½ x²)。Published by TutorHao | IB Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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