📚 Standing Waves: Analysis of Node and Antinode Positions | 驻波的波节与波腹位置分析
Standing waves, also called stationary waves, are formed when two waves of the same frequency and amplitude travel in opposite directions through the same medium. In a standing wave, the wave pattern does not move; some points, called nodes, remain permanently at rest, while other points, called antinodes, oscillate with maximum amplitude. Understanding the positions of nodes and antinodes is essential for solving A-Level Physics problems on strings and air columns.
驻波，又称定波，是由两列频率相同、振幅相等的波在同一介质中沿相反方向传播时叠加而成的。驻波的波形不移动；某些位置的点（波节）始终静止，而另一些位置的点（波腹）以最大振幅振动。理解波节与波腹的位置是解决 A-Level 物理中弦与空气柱问题的关键。
1. Formation by Superposition | 叠加形成原理
When a progressive wave reaches a fixed boundary, it is reflected with a phase change of π. The incident and reflected waves travel through the medium and superpose. Because they have the same frequency, wavelength and amplitude, the superposition produces a series of fixed nodes and antinodes rather than a travelling pattern.
当行波碰到固定边界时，会发生相位改变 π 的反射。入射波与反射波在介质中叠加。由于这两列波的频率、波长和振幅相同，叠加结果不是向前传播的图案，而是一系列固定的波节和波腹。
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