📚 A-Level Chemistry: Methods for Measuring Enthalpy Changes | A-Level 化学：实验测量焓变的方法
Enthalpy change (ΔH) is the heat energy transferred at constant pressure, and its measurement is a core practical skill in CIE A-Level Chemistry. This article explains the experimental methods used to measure enthalpy changes of neutralisation, dissolution and combustion, along with the calculations that convert raw data into molar enthalpy changes.
焓变（ΔH）是在恒压下传递的热能，其测量是CIE A-Level化学的核心实验技能。本文将解释测定中和焓、溶解焓和燃烧焓的实验方法，以及将原始数据换算为摩尔焓变的计算过程。
1. Key Principles of Calorimetry | 量热法的基本原理
In a calorimetry experiment, a chemical reaction or physical change is carried out in a vessel called a calorimeter. The heat released or absorbed by the reaction changes the temperature of the water or solution surrounding it. By measuring this temperature change and knowing the mass and specific heat capacity of the substance, we can calculate the heat energy transferred.
在量热实验中，化学反应或物理变化在称为量热计的容器中进行。反应放出或吸收的热量会改变周围水或溶液的温度。通过测量这个温度变化，并知道物质的质量和比热容，我们可以计算出传递的热能。
The relationship between heat (q), mass (m), specific heat capacity (c) and temperature change (ΔT) is:
热量（q）、质量（m）、比热容（c）和温度变化（ΔT）之间的关系为：
q = m × c × ΔT
For dilute aqueous solutions, it is usual to assume the density of the solution is the same as water (1.0 g cm⁻³) and the specific heat capacity is 4.18 J g⁻¹ °C⁻¹.
对于稀水溶液，通常假定溶液的密度与水相同（1.0 g cm⁻³），比热容为4.18 J g⁻¹ °C⁻¹。
2. Experimental Apparatus and Setup | 实验装置与搭建
The most common school laboratory calorimeter is a polystyrene (Styrofoam) cup. It is a good insulator and is inexpensive, making it ideal for neutralisation and dissolution experiments. A lid with a hole for a thermometer minimises heat
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