📚 Mastering AS AQA Physics Subject-Specific Vocabulary | AS AQA 物理学科术语全攻略
In AQA International AS Physics, the ability to use precise subject-specific vocabulary is assessed in every question you answer. Examiners reward clear, unambiguous definitions and correct terminology, and a secure grasp of key terms can make the difference between a grade C and an A. This guide condenses the essential vocabulary across all five core modules — measurements, particles, waves, mechanics, materials and electricity — into one focused revision resource.
在 AQA 国际 AS 物理考试中，准确使用学科术语的能力会在你回答的每一道题目中被考查。考官会奖励清晰、无歧义的定义和正确的术语，扎实掌握关键词汇可能是 C 与 A 之间的分水岭。本指南将全部五个核心模块——测量、粒子、波动、力学、材料与电学——中的必备术语浓缩为一份精要复习资料。
1. Measurements and SI Units | 测量与 SI 单位
Physical quantities are expressed in SI base units. The seven base units relevant to AS physics are: kilogram (kg) for mass, metre (m) for length, second (s) for time, ampere (A) for electric current, kelvin (K) for temperature, mole (mol) for amount of substance, and candela (cd) for luminous intensity. Derived units, such as the newton (N) and joule (J), are combinations of these base units.
物理量以 SI 基本单位表示。与 AS 物理相关的七个基本单位为：千克（kg）表示质量，米（m）表示长度，秒（s）表示时间，安培（A）表示电流，开尔文（K）表示温度，摩尔（mol）表示物质的量，坎德拉（cd）表示发光强度。导出单位，如牛顿（N）和焦耳（J），则是基本单位的组合。
A scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only, such as mass, speed, energy and temperature. A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, velocity, acceleration and force. When adding vectors, you must consider their directions, often using scale diagrams or resolving into perpendicular components.
标量是只有大小的量，如质量、速率、能量和温度。矢量是既有大小又有方向的量，如位移、速度、加速度和力。矢量相加时必须考虑方向，常用比例图或分解为垂直分量来完成。
2. Errors and Uncertainties | 误差与不确定度
Precision refers to how closely repeated measurements agree with each other; it indicates the spread of results. Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the true value. A precise instrument may still give inaccurate readings if it is poorly calibrated. Resolution is the smallest change in a quantity that an instrument can detect — for example, a ruler marked in millimetres has a resolution of 1 mm.
精密度指重复测量结果之间彼此接近的程度，反映结果的离散性。准确度描述测量值接近真值的程度。一台精密的仪器如果校准不当，仍可能给出不准确的读数。分辨率是仪器能够检测到的物理量的最小变化——例如，以毫米为刻度的直尺的分辨率为 1 mm。
Random error causes readings to fluctuate unpredictably and can be reduced by taking multiple readings and calculating the mean. Systematic error shifts all readings consistently in one direction and is often caused by zero errors or faulty calibration.
随机误差导致读数不可预测地波动，可通过多次读数取平均值来减小。系统误差使所有读数一致地偏向一个方向，通常由零位误差或校准不当造成。
3. Uncertainty Calculations | 不确定度计算
e absolute uncertainty divided by the measured value. Percentage uncertainty is the fractional uncertainty multiplied by 100% g, the fractional uncertainty is 0.1 ÷ 50.0 = 0.002, and the percentage uncertainty is 0.2%.
绝对不确定度是测量中不确定度的实际大小，以被测量的相同单位表示。分数不确定度是绝对不确定度除以测量值。百分不确定度是分数不确定度乘以 100%。对于质量 50.0 g ± 0.1 g，绝对不确定度为 0.1 g，分数不确定度为 0.1 ÷ 50.0 = 0.002，百分不确定度为 0.2%。
uct A × B, where A = 4.0 ± 0.2 cm and B = 2.0 ± 0.1 cm, the percentage uncertainties are 5% and 5%, giving a combined percentage uncertainty of 10%.
当量相加或相减时，将绝对不确定度相加。当量相乘或相除时，将百分不确定度相加。对于乘积 A × B，若 A = 4.0 ± 0.2 cm，B = 2.0 ± 0.1 cm，则百分不确定度分别为 5% 和 5%，合并后的百分不确定度为 10%。
4. Particles and Radiation | 粒子与辐射
A nucleon is a proton or a neutron. The atomic number Z is the number of protons in a nucleus; the mass number A is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are nuclei of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. For example, carbon-12 (¹²C) and carbon-14 (¹⁴C) are isotopes of carbon.
核子是质子或中子。原子序数 Z 是原子核中的质子数；质量数 A 是质子和中子的总数。同位素是同一元素中质子数相同但中子数不同的原子核。例如，碳-12（¹²C）和碳-14（¹⁴C）是碳的同位素。
C. When a particle meets its antiparticle, they annihilate, converting all their rest mass into energy in the form of photons.
反粒子与对应粒子具有相同的质量但相反的电荷。反电子，即正电子，电荷为 +1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C，而电子电荷为 −1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C。当粒子遇到其反粒子时，它们会发生湮灭，将所有静止质量以光子形式转化为能量。
Pair production is the reverse process: a photon of sufficient energy (at least 1.02 MeV) can create a particle–antiparticle pair, such as an electron and a positron, in the presence of a nearby nucleus to conserve momentum.
成对产生是逆过程：在附近原子核存在以保持动量守恒的情况下，一个能量足够的光子（至少 1.02 MeV）可以产生一对粒子–反粒子，例如一个电子和一个正电子。
5. Quarks and Hadrons | 夸克与强子
Hadrons are particles that experience the strong nuclear force. They are divided into two categories: baryons, which are composed of three quarks, and mesons, which are composed of one quark and one antiquark. The proton (uud) and neutron (udd) are baryons; the pion (π) is a common meson.
强子是参与强核力作用的粒子，分为两类：由三个夸克组成的重子和由一个夸克与一个反夸克组成的介子。质子（uud）和中子（udd）是重子；π介子是常见的介子。
Leptons, including the electron, muon and tau, are fundamental particles that do not experience the strong nuclear force. Each lepton has a corresponding neutrino. Quarks have fractional charges: the up quark has charge +2/3 e, and the down quark has charge −1/3 e. Quarks also carry a property called strangeness; a strange quark (s) has strangeness of −1, and an antistrange quark has strangeness of +1.
轻子，包括电子、μ子和τ子，是不参与强核力的基本粒子。每种轻子都有对应的中微子。夸克具有分数电荷：上夸克电荷为 +2/3 e，下夸克电荷为 −1/3 e。夸克还具有一种称为奇异数的性质；奇异夸克（s）的奇异数为 −1，反奇异夸克的奇异数为 +1。
6. Waves: Core Terms | 波动：核心术语
A progressive wave transfers energy from one point to another without transferring matter. Transverse waves oscillate perpendicular to the direction of energy transfer, such as electromagnetic waves and waves on a string. Longitudinal waves oscillate parallel to the direction of energy transfer, such as sound waves, which feature compressions and rarefactions.
行波将能量从一点传递到另一点而不传递物质。横波的振动方向垂直于能量传播方向，如电磁波和绳波。纵波的振动方向平行于能量传播方向，如声波，其特征是疏密相间的压缩区和稀疏区。
Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a particle from its equilibrium position, measured in metres. Wavelength, λ, is the distance between two consecutive corresponding points on the wave, such as crest to crest. Frequency, f, is the number of complete oscillations per second, measured in hertz (Hz). The phase of a point describes its position within the oscillation cycle; two points are in phase if they are separated by a whole number of wavelengths, and in antiphase if separated by an odd number of half-wavelengths.
振幅是粒子偏离平衡位置的最大位移，单位为米。波长 λ 是波上两个相邻对应点之间的距离，如波峰到波峰。频率 f 是每秒完成的全振荡次数，单位为赫兹（Hz）。某点的相位描述其在振荡周期中的位置；如果两点相差整数个波长，则它们同相；如果相差奇数个半波长，则它们反相。
7. Wave Phenomena | 波动现象
Superposition occurs when two or more waves overlap at a point; the resultant displacement is the vector sum of the individual displacements. This principle explains interference: when coherent sources (waves with a constant phase difference and the same frequency) meet, constructive interference produces an antinode where displacements add, while destructive interference produces a node where displacements cancel.
叠加原理指两个或多个波在某点重叠时，合位移是各波位移的矢量和。该原理解释了干涉现象：当相干波源（相位差恒定且频率相同的波）相遇时，相长干涉在波腹处使位移增大，而相消干涉在波节处使位移抵消。
Diffraction is the spreading of waves when they pass through a gap or around an obstacle. A single slit produces a diffraction pattern; the width of this pattern increases as the slit width decreases. Polarisation occurs only in transverse waves: it is the restriction of oscillations to one plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation. The polarisation of light is evidence that light is a transverse wave.
衍射是波通过狭缝或绕过障碍物时发生的展宽现象。单缝产生衍射图样；缝宽越小，图样越宽。偏振只发生在横波中：它是指振动被限制在垂直于传播方向的单一平面内。光的偏振现象证明光是横波。
8. Kinematics | 运动学
Displacement, s, is the distance moved in a stated direction — cluding v = u + at and v² = u² + 2as, where u is initial velocity and v is final velocity.
位移 s 是沿指定方向移动的距离——是矢量。速度 v 是位移的变化率，单位为 m s⁻¹。加速度 a 是速度的变化率，单位为 m s⁻²。匀加速运动问题使用 SUVAT 方程组求解，包括 v = u + at 和 v² = u² + 2as，其中 u 是初速度，v 是末速度。
onstant acceleration due to gravity (g ≈ 9.81 m s⁻²). With no air resistance, a projectile' orizontal velocity remains constant while its vertical velocity changes by g every second.
抛体运动可分解为两个独立分量：水平方向为匀速运动，垂直方向为重力产生的匀加速运动（g ≈ 9.81 m s⁻²）。在无空气阻力的情况下，抛体的水平速度保持恒定，而垂直速度每秒改变 g。
9. Dynamics and Forces | 动力学与力
Newton' mains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by a resultant external force. Newton's second law defines force as the product of mass and acceleration: F = ma. Newton' object A exerts a force on object B, then object B exerts an equal and opposite force on A — the two forces act on different bodies.
牛顿第一定律指出，物体在没有受到合外力作用时保持静止或匀速直线运动状态。牛顿第二定律将力定义为质量与加速度的乘积：F = ma。牛顿第三定律指出，如果物体 A 对物体 B 施加一个力，则物体 B 对物体 A 施加一个大小相等、方向相反的力——这两个力作用在不同物体上。
nservation of momentum states that the total momentum of a system remains constant if no external resultant force acts on it. In an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved, but some kinetic energy is converted into heat or sound; in a perfectly elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
动量 p 是质量与速度的乘积：p = mv。动量守恒原理指出，如果没有合外力作用于系统，系统的总动量保持不变。在非弹性碰撞中，动量守恒，但部分动能转化为热或声；在完全弹性碰撞中，动量和动能均守恒。
10. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能量与功率
bject is given by Eₖ = ½mv², and gravitational potential energy is Eₚ = mgh, where h is the change in height.
功是力与沿力的方向移动距离的乘积：W = Fs，单位为焦耳（J）。一焦耳是 1 牛顿的力使其作用点沿力的方向移动一米所做的功。能量是做功的能力；运动物体的动能由 Eₖ = ½mv² 给出，重力势能为 Eₚ = mgh，其中 h 是高度变化。
ower, driving force and velocity. In a system where energy is conserved, the principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
功率是做功或转移能量的速率，单位为瓦特（W）。关系式 P = Fv 将功率、驱动力和速度联系起来。在能量守恒的系统中，能量守恒原理指出能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能从一种形式转化为另一种形式。
11. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其性质
area: σ = F/A, measured in pascals (Pa). Strain is the extension per unit length: ε = e/L — : E = σ/ε = FL/Ae, and measures the stiffness of a material. Its unit is pascals or N m⁻².
应力是单位横截面积上的力：σ = F/A，单位为帕斯卡（Pa）。应变是单位长度的伸长量：ε = e/L——它是无量纲量。杨氏模量 E 是应力与应变的比值：E = σ/ε = FL/Ae，衡量材料的刚度。其单位为帕斯卡或 N m⁻²。
Elastic deformation is reversible — the material returns to its original shape when the load is removed, obeying Hooke' he limit of proportionality. Plastic deformation is permanent; beyond the elastic limit, the material does not return to its original shape. A brittle material fractures with little plastic deformation, while a ductile material can be drawn into wires and undergoes significant plastic deformation before breaking.
弹性形变是可逆的——当载荷移除后材料恢复原状，遵循胡克定律，该定律指出在比例极限之前，力与伸长量成正比（F = kΔL）。塑性形变是永久性的；超过弹性极限后，材料不再恢复原状。脆性材料在很少塑性形变的情况下即断裂，而延性材料可以被拉成丝，并在断裂前经历显著的塑性形变。
12. Electricity Essentials | 电学基础
olts. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) of a source is the total energy transferred per unit charge by the source — it is the maximum p.d. it can provide when no current flows.
电流是电荷流动的速率：I = ΔQ/Δt，单位为安培（A）。一安培是每秒通过某点一库仑的电荷。元件两端的电势差（p.d.）是每单位电荷转移的能量：V = W/Q，单位为伏特。电源的电动势（e.m.f.）是电源每单位电荷转移的总能量——它是电源在无电流流动时能提供的最大电势差。
Resistance is the ratio of p.d. to current: R = V/I, measured in ohms (Ω). Ohm' very component and the total resistance is the sum of individual resistances: R = R₁ + R₂. In a parallel circuit, the p.d. across each branch is the same, and the reciprocal of total resistance equals the sum of reciprocals: 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂.
电阻是电势差与电流的比值：R = V/I，单位为欧姆（Ω）。欧姆定律指出，对于恒定温度下的金属导体，电流与电势差成正比。电阻率 ρ 是材料属性，由 R = ρL/A 给出，其中 L 为长度，A 为横截面积；其单位为 Ω m。串联电路中每个元件电流相同，总电阻为各电阻之和：R = R₁ + R₂。在并联电路中，每条支路两端电势差相同，总电阻的倒数等于各电阻倒数之和：1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂。
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