AS AQA Physics Insert 1 Jan 2022 – Formula & Data Guide | AS AQA 物理 2022年1月试卷插页1 公式与数据指南

📚 AS AQA Physics Insert 1 Jan 2022 – Formula & Data Guide | AS AQA 物理 2022年1月试卷插页1 公式与数据指南

The Insert 1 provided in the AQA AS Physics January 2022 paper is a vital resource. It contains fundamental constants, conversion factors, and equations that candidates are expected to use during the exam. Understanding what is on this insert and how to apply it effectively can significantly improve your performance.

AQA AS 物理 2022年1月试卷所提供的插页1（Insert 1）是一项至关重要的资源。它包含基础常数、换算因子以及考生在考试中预期会用到的公式。理解该插页内容并学会有效运用，能显著提升你的考试成绩。

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1. Key Physical Constants | 关键物理常数

The insert provides a selection of essential constants. These values must be used as given, without rounding, to ensure accurate calculations. The most commonly needed constants include the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational field strength.

插页提供了一系列必备常数。这些数值必须按给定值使用，不得自行四舍五入，以确保计算准确。最常用的常数包括光速、普朗克常数和重力场强度。

• Speed of light in a vacuum: c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹

真空中光速：c = 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹

• Planck constant: h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s

普朗克常数：h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s

• Gravitational field strength: g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹

重力场强度：g = 9.81 N kg⁻¹

• Elementary charge: e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

元电荷：e = 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C

• Mass of electron: mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg

电子质量：mₑ = 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg

f a photon, use E = hf with h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s, not a rounded value such as 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴.

始终按插页上打印的值精确引用这些常数。例如，计算光子能量时，使用 E = hf，其中 h = 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s，而不是取近似值如 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴。

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2. SI Prefixes and Unit Conversions | 国际单位制词头与单位换算

), milli (m = 10⁻³), centi (c = 10⁻²), kilo (k = 10³), mega (M = 10⁶), and giga (G = 10⁹).

清晰理解国际单位制词头对于处理从纳米到千米的各种量至关重要。插页列出了常见词头，如纳（n = 10⁻⁹）、微（μ = 10⁻⁶）、毫（m = 10⁻³）、厘（c = 10⁻²）、千（k = 10³）、兆（M = 10⁶）和吉（G = 10⁹）。

Prefix	Symbol	Power of 10	词头	符号	10的幂次
giga	G	10⁹	吉	G	10⁹
mega	M	10⁶	兆	M	10⁶
kilo	k	10³	千	k	10³
centi	c	10⁻²	厘	c	10⁻²
milli	m	10⁻³	毫	m	10⁻³
micro	μ	10⁻⁶	微	μ	10⁻⁶
nano	n	10⁻⁹	纳	n	10⁻⁹

Failing to do so will lead to incorrect results in calculations involving the wave equation or diffraction.

例如，当波长以 450 nm 给出时，必须先转换为米才能代入公式：λ = 450 × 10⁻⁹ m = 4.50 × 10⁻⁷ m。若未进行此转换，在涉及波动方程或衍射的计算中将导致错误结果。

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3. Mechanics: Kinematic Equations | 力学：运动学方程

le to select the correct equation based on the known and unknown quantities in each question.

插页包含匀加速运动的四个运动学方程：s = ut + ½at²、v = u + at、v² = u² + 2as 和 s = ½(u + v)t。你必须能够根据题目中已知和未知量选择正确的方程。

v = u + at

s = ut + ½at²

v² = u² + 2as

s = ½(u + v)t

is demonstrates that the initial velocity being zero simplifies the equation considerably.

考虑一个从静止释放的球（u = 0），下落时间为 2.5 秒。要求下落距离，使用 s = ut + ½at² = 0 + ½ × 9.81 × (2.5)² = 30.7 m。这表明初速度为零时方程可大大简化。

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4. Newton's Laws and Forces | 牛顿定律与力

The insert reminds you of Newton' tions, you may need to resolve forces into components or apply these equations to objects on inclined planes.

插页提醒你牛顿第二定律的表达式 F = ma，以及重量由 W = mg 给出。在 AQA AS 考题中，你可能需要将力分解为分量，或将这些方程应用于斜面上的物体。

F = ma

W = mg

ot any individual force. If multiple forces act, resolve them first and then apply F = ma.

对于一个质量为 3.0 kg、加速度为 2.0 m s⁻² 的物体，合力为 F = 3.0 × 2.0 = 6.0 N。请记住 F 代表合力，而非某个分力。若多个力共同作用，先进行力的合成，再应用 F = ma。

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5. Work, Energy and Power | 功、能与功率

ower (P = W/t). These equations frequently appear in combination within a single question.

插页的这一部分涵盖做功的定义（W = Fs）、动能（Eₖ = ½mv²）、重力势能（Eₚ = mgh）以及功率（P = W/t）。这些方程经常在同一道题中组合出现。

W = Fs

Eₖ = ½mv²

Eₚ = mgh

P = W/t = Fv

. If this acceleration occurs over 30 m, the average force is W/s = 240,000 / 30 = 8000 N.

假设一辆质量为 1200 kg 的汽车从静止加速到 20 m s⁻¹。其动能为 Eₖ = ½ × 1200 × (20)² = 240,000 J = 240 kJ。若此加速过程发生在 30 m 内，平均力为 W/s = 240,000 / 30 = 8000 N。

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6. Waves: Frequency and Wavelength | 波动：频率与波长

st important formulas on the insert. In AQA AS Physics, you are expected to apply this equation to electromagnetic waves, sound waves, and stationary waves on strings.

波动方程 c = fλ 是插页上最重要的公式之一。在 AQA AS 物理中，你需将这一方程应用于电磁波、声波和绳上驻波。

c = fλ

) / (100 × 10⁶) = 3.00 m. Note the importance of converting MHz to Hz before substitution.

对于频率为 100 MHz 的无线电波，波长为 λ = c/f = (3.00 × 10⁸) / (100 × 10⁶) = 3.00 m。注意在代入前必须将 MHz 转换为 Hz。

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7. Electricity: Current, Voltage and Resistance | 电学：电流、电压与电阻

ce (V = W/Q), and resistance (R = V/I). These are fundamental to solving circuit problems.

在电学部分，插页给出电荷（Q = It）、电势差（V = W/Q）和电阻（R = V/I）的定义。这些是解决电路问题的基础。

Q = It

V = W/Q

R = V/I

ifference of 12 V is applied across this resistor, its resistance is R = 12 / 0.50 = 24 Ω.

若 0.50 A 的电流通过一个电阻 2 分钟，通过的电量为 Q = 0.50 × 120 = 60 C。若此电阻两端施加 12 V 的电势差，其阻值为 R = 12 / 0.50 = 24 Ω。

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8. Electrical Power and Energy | 电功率与电能

hese formulas help you calculate power dissipation in circuits, which is a common AQA AS examination topic.

插页包含 P = VI、P = I²R 以及能量转化方程 E = Pt。这些公式帮助你计算电路中的功率损耗，这是 AQA AS 考试的常见考点。

P = VI

P = I²R

E = Pt

If the bulb operates for 5 minutes, the energy transferred is E = 24 × (5 × 60) = 7,200 J.

考虑一个承载 2.0 A 电流的 12 V 灯泡。电功率为 P = 12 × 2.0 = 24 W。若灯泡工作 5 分钟，则转化能量为 E = 24 × (5 × 60) = 7,200 J。

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9. Materials: Density and Hooke's Law | 材料：密度与胡克定律

For the materials topic, the insert lists density as ρ = m/V and Hooke' equations are straightforward to apply but are often tested through experimental contexts.

对于材料主题，插页列出密度公式 ρ = m/V 和胡克定律 F = kΔL。这些方程应用直接，但常通过实验情境来考查。

ρ = m/V

F = kΔL

tches by 0.050 m under a force of 25 N, its spring constant is k = 25 / 0.050 = 500 N m⁻¹.

一个体积为 2.0 × 10⁻³ m³、质量为 15.6 kg 的金属立方体的密度为 ρ = 15.6 / (2.0 × 10⁻³) = 7,800 kg m⁻³。与此同时，若一根弹簧在 25 N 的力作用下伸长 0.050 m，其劲度系数为 k = 25 / 0.050 = 500 N m⁻¹。

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10. Exam Strategy: Using the Insert Effectively | 考试策略：高效使用插页

To maximise marks, you should read the insert at the start of the exam and familiarise yourself with the location of each equation. During the paper, circle the equations you use and cross-check all units before substituting values.

为了最大限度拿分，你应在考试开始时阅读插页，熟悉每个公式的位置。在做题过程中，圈出你使用的公式，并在代入数值前核对所有单位。

• Always write down the formula before substituting numbers. Examiners award method marks even if the numerical answer is wrong.

始终先写下公式再进行数值代入。即使最终答案错误，考官也会给方法分。

• heck unit conversions carefully, especially nm → m, cm → m, mm → m, and minutes → seconds.

仔细检查单位换算，尤其是纳米→米、厘米→米、毫米→米、分钟→秒。

• Use the exact values from the insert, not rounded approximations, unless the question specifies otherwise.

使用插页上的精确值，而非近似值，除非题目另有明确要求。

• For multi-step calculations, derive the answer symbolically first, then substitute numbers at the final stage.

对于多步计算，先用符号推导答案，再进行数值代入。

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11. Common Pitfalls to Avoid | 常见错误防范

Many students lose marks unnecessarily due to avoidable mistakes. Recognising these pitfalls in advance can make a substantial difference to your final grade.

许多学生因可避免的错误而白白失分。提前认识到这些陷阱能为你的最终成绩带来显著影响。

• Using grams instead of kilograms in F = ma. Always convert to SI base units.

在 F = ma 中使用克而非千克。始终转换为国际单位制基本单位。

• Forgetting that ½(u + v)t requires the average velocity, not simply (u + v). The factor ½ is essential.

忘记 s = ½(u + v)t 需要平均速度，而不仅仅是 (u + v)。½ 因子必不可少。

• Misreading the exponent in scientific notation, such as confusing 10⁻³ with 10³.

误读科学记数法中的指数，如混淆 10⁻³ 与 10³。

• Forgetting to square the velocity in Eₖ = ½mv² or square the current in P = I²R.

忘记在 Eₖ = ½mv² 中对速度取平方，或在 P = I²R 中对电流取平方。

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12. Final Preparation Checklist | 最终备考清单

Before entering the exam hall, go through this checklist to confirm you are fully prepared to use the insert correctly.

进入考场前，请按照这份清单逐项确认，以确保你已完全准备好正确使用插页。

• Memorise the location of each formula on the insert so you can find it quickly.

熟记插页上每个公式的位置，以便快速查找。

• Practise converting all common prefixes into base SI units in timed conditions.

在限时条件下练习将所有常见词头转换为国际单位制基本单位。

• Complete past papers from the AQA AS specification, referring to the insert as you would in a real exam.

完成 AQA AS 大纲的历年真题，并像在真实考试中一样参考插页。

• Review mark schemes to understand how examiners allocate method and accuracy marks.

复习评分方案，理解考官如何分配方法分和准确分。

• Bring a clear calculator, a ruler, and a pencil for drawing graphs and diagrams.

携带清晰的科学计算器、直尺和用于作图及画图的铅笔。

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By thoroughly understanding every element of the AQA AS Physics January 2022 Insert 1 and practising its application, you will enter the exam room with confidence and precision. Mastery of these formulas and constants is not merely about recollection—it is about knowing when and how to deploy them effectively.

通过深入理解 AQA AS 物理 2022年1月插页1的每一项内容并练习其应用，你将满怀信心且精准地走进考场。掌握这些公式和常数不仅仅是记忆问题——更在于知道何时以及如何有效运用它们。

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