📚 AQA International AS & A-level Physics (9630) Data and Formula Booklet 12.04.2018 Guide | AQA 国际 AS/A-level 物理（9630）数据与公式手册（2018年4月12日版）精讲
The AQA International AS and A-level Physics (9630) Data and Formula Booklet, dated 12.04.2018, is the official reference issued with every exam paper on this specification. It is printed inside the front cover of each question paper and contains the fundamental constants, SI prefixes, geometric relationships and the key equations for mechanics, materials, waves, electricity and particle physics. This booklet is not a substitute for revision — it is a precision tool that you must learn to use fluently before you walk into the examination hall.
AQA 国际 AS 与 A-level 物理（9630）官方《数据与公式手册》（2018年4月12日版）是本大纲每一份试卷卷首随附的官方参考材料。手册包含基本物理常数、SI 词头、几何关系，以及力学、材料、波动、电学与粒子物理的核心方程。这本手册不能替代复习——它是你必须在上考场之前就已熟练使用的精密工具。
1. What's Inside the Booklet | 手册内容概览
The booklet is organised into clear, logical sections. The first block gives SI prefixes and their powers of ten, which you need for converting units such as millimetres to metres or nanoseconds to seconds. The second block lists the physical constants you are expected to use — from the speed of light to the elementary charge. Then come geometric formulae (area, volume, trigonometry) and finally the equation banks arranged by topic: mechanics, materials, waves, electricity and nuclear/particle physics.
手册的编排清晰而有条理。第一部分给出 SI 词头及其对应的十的幂次，用于毫米到米、纳秒到秒之类的单位换算。第二部分列出你应该使用的基本物理常数——从光速到基本电荷。随后是几何公式（面积、体积、三角学），最后是按主题分类的方程库：力学、材料、波动、电学以及核/粒子物理。
Because the same booklet is used for both AS and A-level papers, you will see some equations that you do not yet need at AS stage. Do not let this confuse you: underline or annotate the equations that belong to your current unit list, and ignore the rest until your final year.
由于 AS 与 A-level 试卷共用同一本手册，你会看到一些在 AS 阶段还用不到的方程。不要让这造成困扰：把你当前单元需要的公式圈出来或做标注，其余内容留到第二年再关注即可。
2. Fundamental Constants | 基本物理常数
The constants table is the most heavily used page in the booklet. For AS Physics, you must be able to locate values quickly and substitute them correctly with the right units. Here are the constants that appear most frequently in AS questions.
常数表是手册中翻看频率最高的一页。对于 AS 物理，你必须能迅速定位数值，并以正确的单位代入运算。以下是 AS 题目中出现频率最高的常数。
| Symbol | 符号 | Quantity | 物理量 | Value | 数值 |
|---|---|---|
| c | speed of light in vacuum | 真空光速 | 3.00 × 10⁸ m s⁻¹ |
| h | Planck constant | 普朗克常数 | 6.63 × 10⁻³⁴ J s |
| G | gravitational constant | 万有引力常数 | 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ N m² kg⁻² |
| g | gravitational field strength | 重力场强度 | 9.81 N kg⁻¹ |
| e | elementary charge | 基本电荷 | 1.60 × 10⁻¹⁹ C |
| mₑ | electron rest mass | 电子静止质量 | 9.11 × 10⁻³¹ kg |
| mₚ | proton rest mass | 质子静止质量 | 1.67 × 10⁻²⁷ kg |
| ε₀ | permittivity of free space | 真空介电常数 | 8.85 × 10⁻¹² F m⁻¹ |
| Nₐ | Avogadro constant | 阿伏伽德罗常数 | 6.02 × 10²³ mol⁻¹ |
Notice that the booklet prints values to three significant figures. If a question gives data to two significant figures, your final answer should normally follow the same precision. The value of g is stated as 9.81 N kg⁻¹, which is equivalent to 9.81 m s⁻² for free-fall acceleration.
注意手册中的数值均保留三位有效数字。如果题给数据只有两位有效数字，你的最终答案通常也应保持相同的精度。手册将 g 标为 9.81 N kg⁻¹，这与自由落体加速度 9.81 m s⁻² 等价。
3. SI Prefixes and Unit Conversion | SI 词头与单位换算
the full range of SI prefixes, from pico to tera. You simply add the prefix to a base unit — for example, 1 mm = 1 × 10⁻³ m, and 1 μs = 1 × 10⁻⁶ s.
几乎每一道 AS 计算题都要求进行单位换算。手册列出了从皮可（pico）到太拉（tera）的完整 SI 词头。你只需将词头加在基本单位之前，例如 1 mm = 1 × 10⁻³ m，1 μs = 1 × 10⁻⁶ s。
| Prefix | 词头 | Symbol | 符号 | Power of ten | 十的幂次 |
|---|---|---|
| pico | 皮可 | p | 10⁻¹² |
| nano | 纳诺 | n | 10⁻⁹ |
| micro | 微 | μ | 10⁻⁶ |
| milli | 毫 | m | 10⁻³ |
| centi | 厘 | c | 10⁻² |
| kilo | 千 | k | 10³ |
| mega | 兆 | M | 10⁶ |
| giga | 吉 | G | 10⁹ |
| tera | 太 | T | 10¹² |
0⁻⁷ m², not 0.196 m². Always convert every length into base SI units before substituting into a formula.
AS 最常见的一个陷阱是在计算面积或体积时混淆毫米与米。例如，直径为 0.50 mm 的导线，其横截面积为 π(0.25 × 10⁻³)² = 1.96 × 10⁻⁷ m²，而不是 0.196 m²。在代入公式之前，务必把所有长度换算为 SI 基本单位。
4. Kinematics Equations | 运动学方程
= 9.81 m s⁻², being careful about the sign convention for upward and downward directions.
手册的力学部分印有四个匀加速运动方程（SUVAT 方程）。它们仅在加速度恒定条件下成立。处理重力下的竖直运动时，可取 a = g = 9.81 m s⁻²，并注意上下方向的正负号约定。
v = u + at
s = (u + v)t / 2
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
Here u is the initial velocity, v the final velocity, a the acceleration, t the time and s the displacement. Choose the equation containing the three known quantities and the one unknown you need — never solve for a quantity using a formula that omits a known value.
其中 u 为初速度，v 为末速度，a 为加速度，t 为时间，s 为位移。选择包含三个已知量和所需未知量的那个方程——不要用一个遗漏了已知量的公式去求解。
ponent has zero acceleration, while the vertical component has acceleration g. The booklet' ric identities, such as sin²θ + cos²θ = 1, can help you resolve vector components quickly.
当抛体以某一角度发射时，需要将运动分解为水平与竖直两个分量。水平方向加速度为零，竖直方向加速度为 g。手册中的三角恒等式，如 sin²θ + cos²θ = 1，可帮助你快速分解矢量分量。
5. Forces, Moments and Newton's Laws | 力、力矩与牛顿定律
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