📚 Inverse Trigonometrical Functions | 反三角函数
Inverse trigonometric functions reverse the action of sine, cosine and tangent. In A-Level mathematics, we use the notation sin⁻¹ x, cos⁻¹ x and tan⁻¹ x, or arcsin x, arccos x and arctan x. These functions allow us to find angles when we know a trigonometric ratio.
反三角函数是正弦、余弦和正切的反函数。在 A-Level 数学中,我们使用 sin⁻¹ x、cos⁻¹ x 和 tan⁻¹ x,或 arcsin x、arccos x 和 arctan x。当我们知道一个三角函数值时,可以利用这些函数求出对应的角度。
1. Definitions and Domains | 定义与定义域
For a function to have an inverse, it must be one-to-one. The sine, cosine and tangent functions are periodic and not one-to-one over their whole domains, so we restrict their domains to make them invertible.
一个函数要有反函数,它必须是一一对应的。正弦、余弦和正切函数在其整个定义域上都是周期性的,不是一一对应的,因此我们需要限制它们的定义域,使它们可逆。
Both notations, sin⁻¹ x and arcsin x, are accepted in AQA examinations, but note that sin⁻¹ x does not mean 1/sin x. It is essential to distinguish the inverse function from the reciprocal of sine.
在 AQA 考试中,sin⁻¹ x 和 arcsin x 两种写法都是允许的,但请注意 sin⁻¹ x 并不表示 1/sin x。务必区分反函数与正弦的倒数。
The standard choices of restricted domains are:
标准限制定义域选择如下:
- sin x with domain [-π/2, π/2] gives the inverse sin⁻¹ x.
- sin x 的定义域限制为 [-π/2, π/2] 后得到反函数 sin⁻¹ x。
- cos x with domain [0, π] gives the inverse cos⁻¹ x.
- cos x 的定义域限制为 [0, π] 后得到反函数 cos⁻¹ x。
- tan x with domain (-π/2, π/2) gives the inverse tan⁻¹ x.
- tan x 的定义域限制为 (-π/2, π/2) 后得到反函数 tan⁻¹ x。
[0, π] such that cos θ = x, and tan⁻¹ x is the angle θ in (-π/2, π/2) such that tan θ = x.
因此,sin⁻¹ x 是位于 [-π/2, π/2] 内且满足 sin θ = x 的角度 θ。类似地,cos⁻¹ x 是位于 [0, π] 内且满足 cos θ = x 的角度 θ,tan⁻¹ x 是位于 (-π/2, π/2) 内且满足 tan θ = x 的角度 θ。
2. Principal Values | 主值
The restricted interval that gives a unique inverse is called the principal-value interval. Every inverse trigonometric function returns exactly one angle, the principal value, within that interval.
限制后得到唯一反函数的区间称为主值区间。每个反三角函数都只返回一个角度,即主值,该角度位于这个区间内。
For example:
例如:
- sin⁻¹(1/2) = π/6, because sin(π/6) = 1/2 and π/6 lies in [-π/2, π/2].
- sin⁻¹(1/2) = π/6,因为 sin(π/6) = 1/2 且 π/6 位于 [-π/2, π/2] 内。
- cos⁻¹(-1/2) = 2π/3, because cos(2π/3) = -1/2 and 2π/3 lies in [0, π].
- cos⁻¹(-1/2) = 2π/3,因为 cos(2π/3) = -1/2 且 2π/3 位于 [0, π] 内。
- tan⁻¹(√3) = π/3, because tan(π/3) = √3 and π/3 lies in (-π/2, π/2).
- tan⁻¹(√3) = π/3,因为 tan(π/3) = √3 且 π/3 位于 (-π/2, π/2) 内。
sin⁻¹(-1/2) = -π/6, not 7π/6 or -5π/6. Always choose the value in the principal interval.
处理负数输入时需要特别注意。例如,sin⁻¹(-1/2) = -π/6,而不是 7π/6 或 -5π/6。始终选择主值区间内的值。
3. Graphs of Inverse Trigonometric Functions | 反三角函数图像
d to [-π/2, π/2]) in the line y = x. It is an increasing curve passing through the origin.
y = sin⁻¹ x 的图像是 y = sin x(限制在 [-π/2, π/2] 上)关于直线 y = x 的反射。它是一条递增曲线,经过原点。
the interval [-1, 1], and y = tan⁻¹ x has two horizontal asymptotes y = π/2 and y = -π/2.
类似地,y = cos⁻¹ x 在 [-1, 1] 上是递减曲线,而 y = tan⁻¹ x 有两条水平渐近线 y = π/2 和 y = -π/2。
Key graphical features:
关键图形特征:
- y = sin⁻¹ x passes through (-1, -π/2), (0, 0) and (1, π/2).
- y = sin⁻¹ x 经过 (-1, -π/2)、(0, 0) 和 (1, π/2)。
- y = cos⁻¹ x passes through (-1, π), (0, π/2) and (1, 0).
- y = cos⁻¹ x 经过 (-1, π)、(0, π/2) 和 (1, 0)。
- y = tan⁻¹ x passes through the origin and approaches π/2 as x → ∞ and -π/2 as x → -∞.
- y = tan⁻¹ x 经过原点,当 x → ∞ 时趋近 π/2,当 x → -∞ 时趋近 -π/2。
4. Domain and Range Summary | 定义域与值域总结
The following table summarises the domain and range of each inverse trigonometric function. This is essential for AQA exam questions.
下表总结了每个反三角函数的定义域与值域。这是 AQA 考试题目的关键内容。
| Function | Domain | Range |
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