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Example 3.3.1: Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorisation | 例3.3.1:用因式分解法解一元二次方程

2026-08-30 06:42 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Example 3.3.1: Solving Quadratic Equations by Factorisation | 例3.3.1:用因式分解法解一元二次方程

e skill in the AQA A-Level Mathematics specification and appears in many pure mathematics and applied contexts. We will break the solution into clear steps, discuss common mistakes, and provide verification techniques.

本例题演示如何用标准因式分解法求解形如 ax² + bx + c = 0(其中 a = 1)的一元二次方程。这是 AQA A-Level 数学考纲中的核心技能,在纯数学和应用数学的许多场景中都会出现。我们将把解法拆分为清晰的步骤,讨论常见错误,并提供检验方法。


1. The Problem | 题目

Solve the quadratic equation:

x² − 5x + 6 = 0

1, b = −5, and c = 6. Our goal is to find all real values of x that satisfy the equation.

该方程已经是一般形式,其中 a = 1,b = −5,c = 6。我们的目标是求出满足方程的所有实数 x 值。


2. The Factorisation Method | 因式分解法

−5. Since the product is positive and the sum is negative, both numbers must be negative.

我们寻找两个数,使它们的乘积等于 c = 6,且它们的和等于 b = −5。由于乘积为正而和为负,这两个数必同为负数。

Therefore, the factorised form is (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0.

因此,因式分解的形式为 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0。

(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0


3. Setting Each Factor to Zero | 令每个因式为零

If the product of two expressions is zero, then at least one of the expressions must be zero. This is known as the zero product property.

如果两个表达式的乘积为零,则至少其中一个表达式必须为零。这称为零积性质。

Thus the solution set is x = 2 or x = 3.

因此解集为 x = 2 或 x = 3。


4. Verification | 验证

Substitute each root back into the original equation to check:

将每个根代回原方程进行检验:

x value
x 值
Substitution
代入计算
Result
结果
x = 2(2)² − 5(2) + 6 = 4 − 10 + 6 = 0✓
x = 3(3)² − 5(3) + 6 = 9 − 15 + 6 = 0✓

Both values satisfy the equation, confirming correct factorisation.

两个值均满足方程,确认因式分解正确。


5. Graphical Interpretation | 图像解释

a parabola opening upwards. The solutions we found are the x-coordinates of the points where the curve crosses the x-axis.

二次函数 y = x² − 5x + 6 是一条开口向上的抛物线。我们求出的解正是曲线与 x 轴交点的 x 坐标。

The minimum point is (2.5, −0.25), and the roots are equidistant from the axis of symmetry.

最低点为 (2.5, −0.25),两根关于对称轴等距。


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6. Common Mistakes | 常见错误

Students often make the following errors when solving this type of equation:

学生在解此类方程时常犯以下错误:


7. When Factorisation Works | 因式分解法的适用条件

1)(6) = 25 − 24 = 1, which is a perfect square, confirming that factorisation is possible.

当二次方程有有理根时,即判别式 Δ = b² − 4ac 为完全平方数时,因式分解法完美适用。本例中 Δ = (−5)² − 4(1)(6) = 25 − 24 = 1,是完全平方数,确认可以因式分解。


8. Extension: General Form ax² + bx + c = 0 | 拓展:一般形式 ax² + bx + c = 0

When a ≠ 1, we use a slightly different approach. For example, solve 2x² + 5x − 3 = 0.

当 a ≠ 1 时,我们采用略有不同的方法。例如,求解 2x² + 5x − 3 = 0。

ly to a × c = 2 × (−3) = −6 and add to b = 5. The pair (6, −1) satisfies these conditions.

我们需要两个数,使它们的乘积等于 a × c = 2 × (−3) = −6,且和为 b = 5。数对 (6, −1) 满足这些条件。

2x² + 6x − x − 3 = 0

Now factor by grouping:

现在使用分组分解:

2x(x + 3) − 1(x + 3) = 0

(2x − 1)(x + 3) = 0

Thus x = 1/2 or x = −3.

因此 x = 1/2 或 x = −3。


9. Practice Problems | 练习题目

Try solving these quadratics by factorisation:

尝试用因式分解法求解下列二次方程:

  1. x² − 7x + 12 = 0

    答案: x = 3, x = 4

  2. x² + 3x − 10 = 0

    答案: x = 2, x = −5

  3. x² − 9 = 0

    答案: x = 3, x = −3(平方差公式)

  4. x² + 6x + 9 = 0

    答案: x = −3(重根)

Remember to expand your factorised answer to check each one.

记得展开因式分解后的结果检验每一题。


Summary | 总结

or pairs of c whose sum is b, write the factorised form, apply the zero product property, and solve each linear factor. This method is efficient, reliable, and fundamental to A-Level Mathematics.

例 3.3.1 展示了如何求解 x² − 5x + 6 = 0。过程为:找出 c 的因数对,使其和为 b,写出因式分解形式,应用零积性质,然后解每个一次因式。这种方法高效、可靠,是 A-Level 数学的基础。

Published by TutorHao | Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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