📚 Transition Metals | 过渡金属
Transition metals are d-block elements that form at least one stable ion with a partially filled d subshell. They are distinguished by variable oxidation states, coloured compounds, catalytic activity, and the ability to form complex ions. This article covers Topic 2.5 of the AQA A-Level Chemistry specification, focusing on the concepts and equations most frequently tested in examinations.
过渡金属是指能形成至少一种具有部分填充 d 亚层的稳定离子的 d 区元素。它们以可变化合价、有色化合物、催化活性以及形成配离子的能力而著称。本文涵盖AQA A-Level化学考纲中主题2.5的内容，重点讲解考试中最高频出现的概念与方程式。
1. Definition and Electron Configuration | 定义与电子排布
By the AQA definition, a transition metal must form at least one ion with a partially filled d subshell. Scandium (Sc³⁺: 3d⁰) and zinc (Zn²⁺: 3d¹⁰) are therefore excluded. The first-row transition metals and their ground-state configurations are shown below.
根据AQA的定义，过渡金属必须形成至少一种具有部分填充d亚层的离子。因此，钪（Sc³⁺：3d⁰）和锌（Zn²⁺：3d¹⁰）被排除在外。第一周期过渡金属及其基态电子排布如下表所示。
| Element | 元素 | Configuration | 电子排布 |
| Sc | 钪 | [Ar] 3d¹ 4s² |
| Ti | 钛 | [Ar] 3d² 4s² |
| V | 钒 | [Ar] 3d³ 4s² |
| Cr | 铬 | [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ ⚠ |
| Mn | 锰 | [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s² |
| Fe | 铁 | [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s² |
| Co | 钴 | [Ar] 3d⁷ 4s² |
| Ni | 镍 | [Ar] 3d⁸ 4s² |
| Cu | 铜 | [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ ⚠ |
| Zn | 锌 | [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s² |
Two exceptions are essential to remember: chromium (Cr) adopts [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ rather than 3d⁴ 4s², and copper (Cu) adopts [Ar] 3d¹⁰ 4s¹ rather than 3d⁹ 4s². These anomalies arise because half-filled and fully filled d subshells are particularly stable.
两个例外必须牢记：铬（
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