📚 Solving Quadratic Equations | 解二次方程
Quadratic equations appear in almost every IGCSE Mathematics paper. A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation of degree 2, and mastering the three standard solution methods — factorisation, the quadratic formula, and completing the square — is essential for Higher Tier success. This revision guide explains each method step by step, connects the solutions to the graph of a quadratic function, and highlights the common pitfalls that cost marks in examinations.
二次方程几乎出现在每份 IGCSE 数学试卷中。二次方程是次数为 2 的多项式方程,掌握三种标准解法——因式分解法、求根公式法和配方法——是在 Higher Tier 中获得好成绩的关键。本复习指南将逐步讲解每种方法,把方程的解与二次函数图象联系起来,并指出考试中常见的失分陷阱。
1. The Standard Form of a Quadratic Equation | 二次方程的标准形式
The standard form of a quadratic equation is ax² + bx + c = 0 es linear. For example, 3x² − 5x + 2 = 0 is in standard form with a = 3, b = −5 and c = 2.
二次方程的标准形式是 ax² + bx + c = 0,其中 a、b、c 为实数,且 a ≠ 0。系数 a 不能为零,因为 ax² 这一项决定了方程的“二次”性质;若 a = 0,方程就退化为一次方程。例如,3x² − 5x + 2 = 0 就是标准形式,其中 a = 3,b = −5,c = 2。
g any method, and never divide an equation by x unless you are certain that x ≠ 0, because doing so can destroy solutions.
有些方程需要先整理才能求解。方程 2x² + 1 = 7x 不是标准形式,因为右边不为零。两边同时减去 7x,得到 2x² − 7x + 1 = 0。在使用任何一种解法之前,务必先确认方程已经整理成 ax² + bx + c = 0 的形式;同时绝不要轻易两边同除以 x,除非你能确定 x ≠ 0,否则可能丢失解。
2. Solving by Factorisation | 因式分解法
gives two linear equations, px + q = 0 or rx + s = 0, and each can be solved immediately.
因式分解法依赖“零乘积性质”:若两个表达式的乘积为零,则其中至少有一个表达式为零。如果我们能把 ax² + bx + c 写成 (px + q)(rx + s),那么方程 (px + q)(rx + s) = 0 就化为两个一次方程 px + q = 0 或 rx + s = 0,分别求解即可。
the equation becomes (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0. Setting each factor to zero gives x = 2 or x = 3.
当 a = 1 时,寻找两个数,使它们的乘积等于 c、和等于 b。解 x² − 5x + 6 = 0 时,需要找两个乘积为 6、和为 −5 的数,即 −2 和 −3,于是方程化为 (x − 2)(x − 3) = 0。令每个因式分别为零,得到 x = 2 或 x = 3。
or x = −3. Always expand your brackets to check the middle term before writing the answer.
当 a ≠ 1 时,过程稍长。对于 2x² + 7x + 3 = 0,需要尝试 2x² 和 3 的因式组合。正确的因式分解是 (2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0,得到 x = −1/2 或 x = −3。写出答案前,务必把括号展开,检查一次项系数是否正确。
such as x² − 4x = 0, factor out x to get x(x − 4) = 0; the solutions are x = 0 and x = 4.
特殊情况包括平方差公式。方程 x² − 9 = 0 可写成 (x − 3)(x + 3) = 0,因此 x = ±3。如果二次方程没有常数项,如 x² − 4x = 0,可提取公因式 x,得 x(x − 4) = 0,解为 x = 0 和 x = 4。
3. Solving by the Quadratic Formula | 求根公式法
² + bx + c = 0, the solutions are found by substituting a, b and c into the formula below.
求根公式法可以解任何二次方程,包括那些无法在整数范围内因式分解的方程。对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,只需把 a、b、c 代入下面的公式即可求出解。
x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / 2a
= 2/4 = 1/2, and the minus sign gives x = −8/4 = −2. The two roots are x = 1/2 and x = −2.
以 2x² + 3x − 2 = 0 为例,这里 a = 2,b = 3,c = −2。先计算判别式:b² − 4ac = 3² − 4 × 2 × (−2) = 9 + 16 = 25。代入公式得 x = (−3 ± 5) / 4。取加号得 x = 2/4 = 1/2,取减号得 x = −8/4 = −2。因此两个根为 x = 1/2 和 x = −2。
Common sign errors occur when b or c is negative. Write down the values of a, b and c first, then substitute them into the formula in one careful step. If the final answer is a recurring or terminating decimal, give the exact fraction as well; if the root involves a square root, leave it in surd form unless the question asks for a decimal approximation.
当 b 或 c 为负数时,容易发生符号错误。建议先把 a、b、c 的值写下来,再一步到位地代入公式。如果最终结果是循环小数或有限小数,最好同时给出精确分数;如果根含有根号,除非题目要求近似值,否则保留根式形式即可。
4. Solving by Completing the Square | 配方法
Completing the square rewrites the expression x² + bx + c in the form (x + p)² + q. To find p, take half of b; then square p and adjust the constant. This method is useful because it can solve every quadratic equation and also reveals the coordinates of the turning point of the graph.
配方法把表达式 x² + bx + c 改写为 (x + p)² + q 的形式。求 p 的方法是取 b 的一半;然后计算 p²,并相应调整常数项。这种方法既能解所有二次方程,还能直接看出函数图象顶点的坐标,因此非常有用。
quare root of both sides, remembering the ± symbol, gives x + 3 = ±2, so x = −1 or x = −5.
以 x² + 6x + 5 = 0 为例,6 的一半是 3,所以原式化为 (x + 3)² − 9 + 5 = (x + 3)² − 4。令其等于零,得 (x + 3)² = 4。两边开平方,切记要保留 ± 号,得 x + 3 = ±2,所以 x = −1 或 x = −5。
es 2(x − 1)² − 2 − 6 = 0, that is, 2(x − 1)² = 8, giving (x − 1)² = 4 and x = 3 or x = −1.
当 a ≠ 1 时,可先将整个方程除以 a,或者把 a 从 x² 项和 x 项中提取出来。例如,2x² − 4x − 6 = 0 可写成 2(x² − 2x) − 6 = 0。括号内配方:x² − 2x = (x − 1)² − 1。原方程化为 2(x − 1)² − 2 − 6 = 0,即 2(x − 1)² = 8,于是 (x − 1)² = 4,解得 x = 3 或 x = −1。
5. The Discriminant | 判别式
The expression b² − 4ac inside the quadratic formula is called the discriminant and is often denoted by the Greek letter Δ. The discriminant tells us the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation without actually solving it.
求根公式中根号内的表达式 b² − 4ac 称为判别式,常用希腊字母 Δ 表示。判别式可以告诉我们二次方程根的性质,而无需真正解方程。
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