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Quadratic Equations and Functions | 二次方程与函数

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📚 Quadratic Equations and Functions | 二次方程与函数

Quadratic equations and functions form one of the most important topics in IGCSE Mathematics. Understanding how to manipulate and solve quadratic expressions enables students to model real-world situations, analyse parabolas, and succeed in higher-level mathematics. This article provides a complete, step-by-step revision guide with worked examples and common exam tips.

二次方程与函数是 IGCSE 数学中最重要的话题之一。掌握二次表达式的化简与求解,不仅能帮助同学们解决实际问题、分析抛物线图形,也为更高级的数学学习奠定坚实基础。本文将提供完整的分步复习指南,附带典型例题与考试技巧。


1. What Is a Quadratic Equation? | 什么是二次方程?

A quadratic equation is an equation of the form ax² + bx + c = 0, where a, b and c are constants, and a ≠ 0. The term "quadratic" comes from the Latin word "quadratus", meaning square, because the highest power of the variable is 2.

二次方程是形如 ax² + bx + c = 0 的方程,其中 a、b、c 为常数,且 a ≠ 0。 "quadratic" 一词源自拉丁语 "quadratus",意为“平方”,因为变量的最高次数是 2。

= 0 is a quadratic equation, while x³ + 2x = 0 is not, because the highest exponent is 3.

例如,2x² + 3x − 5 = 0 是二次方程,而 x³ + 2x = 0 不是,因为最高指数为 3。

ax² + bx + c = 0

d c may be zero, so x² = 4, 2x² − 8 = 0 and x² + 5x = 0 are all valid quadratic equations.

系数 a 不能为零;若 a = 0,方程就变为一次方程。常数 b 和 c 可以为零,因此 x² = 4、2x² − 8 = 0 和 x² + 5x = 0 都是合法的二次方程。


2. Expanding and Factorising Quadratics | 展开与因式分解二次式

: (x + 2)(x + 3) = x² + 5x + 6. The most common method is FOIL: First, Outer, Inner, Last.

在解二次方程之前,你必须熟练展开和因式分解二次表达式。展开就是去掉括号:(x + 2)(x + 3) = x² + 5x + 6。最常用的方法是 FOIL:先(First)、外(Outer)、内(Inner)、后(Last)。

Factorising is the reverse process: writing an expression as a product of two brackets. For a simple quadratic x² + bx + c, we look for two numbers that multiply to give c and add to give b.

因式分解是相反的过程:将一个表达式写成两个括号的乘积。对于简单的二次式 x² + bx + c,我们寻找两个数,使其乘积等于 c,和等于 b。

d two numbers that multiply to 12 and add to 7: 3 and 4. So x² + 7x + 12 = (x + 3)(x + 4).

例:将 x² + 7x + 12 因式分解。我们需要两个数,乘积为 12,和为 7:即 3 和 4。所以 x² + 7x + 12 = (x + 3)(x + 4)。

When the coefficient of x² is not 1, use the "ac method" error. For example, 2x² + 7x + 3 = (2x + 1)(x + 3). It is essential to check by expanding.

当 x² 的系数不为 1 时,可使用“ac 法”或试错法。例如,2x² + 7x + 3 = (2x + 1)(x + 3)。务必通过展开来验证。


3. Solving by Factorising | 用因式分解法求解

ise the expression and then use the zero product property: if AB = 0, then A = 0 or B = 0.

解二次方程最简单的方法是将表达式因式分解,然后利用零积性质:若 AB = 0,则 A = 0 或 B = 0。

rise to get (x + 3)(x + 4) = 0. Therefore x + 3 = 0 or x + 4 = 0, giving x = −3 or x = −4.

例:解 x² + 7x + 12 = 0。因式分解得 (x + 3)(x + 4) = 0。因此 x + 3 = 0 或 x + 4 = 0,得到 x = −3 或 x = −4。

² = 5x + 6. First rewrite as x² − 5x − 6 = 0, then (x − 6)(x + 1) = 0, so x = 6 or x = −1.

因式分解前务必先将方程整理成 ax² + bx + c = 0 的形式。例如,解 x² = 5x + 6。先改写为 x² − 5x − 6 = 0,然后 (x − 6)(x + 1) = 0,所以 x = 6 或 x = −1。

a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b). For instance, x² − 25 = (x − 5)(x + 5) = 0, so x = 5 or x = −5.

若二次式是平方差,则利用 a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b)。例如,x² − 25 = (x − 5)(x + 5) = 0,所以 x = 5 或 x = −5。


4. Solving by Completing the Square | 用配方法求解

Completing the square is a method that rewrites a quadratic expression as a perfect square plus a constant. The general process works for any quadratic, even when factorisation is difficult.

配方法是将二次表达式改写为一个完全平方加上一个常数的过程。该方法适用于任何二次式,即使因式分解困难时也有效。

)² to create a perfect square. For example, x² + 6x + 2 = (x + 3)² − 9 + 2 = (x + 3)² − 7.

从 x² + bx + c 出发,我们加上并减去 (b/2)² 以构成完全平方。例如,x² + 6x + 2 = (x + 3)² − 9 + 2 = (x + 3)² − 7。

lete the square: (x + 3)² − 7 = 0, so (x + 3)² = 7. Taking the square root gives x + 3 = ±√7, so x = −3 ± √7.

要解形如 x² + 6x + 2 = 0 的方程,先配方:(x + 3)² − 7 = 0,所以 (x + 3)² = 7。两边开平方得 x + 3 = ±√7,因此 x = −3 ± √7。

reveals the coordinates of the vertex of the parabola y = (x + h)² + k, which is (−h, k).

该方法的另一个优点是可以直接得到抛物线 y = (x + h)² + k 的顶点坐标 (−h, k)。


5. The Quadratic Formula | 求根公式法

The quadratic formula is the most reliable method for solving any quadratic equation. It works for all cases, including those that cannot be factorised easily.

求根公式是解任何二次方程最可靠的方法。它适用于所有情况,包括那些难以因式分解的方程。

x = (−b ± √b² − 4ac) / (2a)

ns you must calculate two separate values: one with a plus sign and one with a minus sign.

对于 ax² + bx + c = 0,将 a、b、c 的值代入公式。符号 ± 表示必须计算两个值:一个用加号,一个用减号。

Example: Solve 2x² − 4x − 3 = 0. Here a = 2, b = −4, c = −3. Substitute into the formula:

例:解 2x² − 4x − 3 = 0。这里 a = 2,b = −4,c = −3。代入公式:

x = (4 ± √16 + 24) / 4 = (4 ± √40) / 4 = (2 ± √10) / 2

ys remember to simplify surds where possible, and check your answers by substituting back.

因此 x ≈ 2.58 或 x ≈ −0.58。记住要尽量化简根式,并通过代回原方程检验答案。


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6. The Discriminant | 判别式

c. It tells us how many real roots a quadratic equation has without solving it completely.

判别式是求根公式中根号下的部分:Δ = b² − 4ac。它能在不完整解方程的情况下告诉我们二次方程有多少个实数根。

epeated root, x = 2. Graphically, this means the parabola touches the x-axis at one point.

例:对于 x² − 4x + 4 = 0,判别式为 16 − 16 = 0,因此有一个重根 x = 2。图形上,这意味着抛物线在一点处与 x 轴相切。

The discriminant is also useful when determining whether a quadratic intersects, touches, or misses the x-axis entirely.

判别式还可用于判断二次函数的图像与 x 轴是相交、相切还是完全不相交。


7. Graphs of Quadratic Functions | 二次函数的图像

x² + bx + c is always a parabola. If a > 0, the parabola opens upward (U-shaped); if a < 0, it opens downward (∩-shaped).

二次函数 y = ax² + bx + c 的图像总是抛物线。若 a > 0,抛物线开口向上(U 形);若 a < 0,开口向下(∩ 形)。

x-intercepts of the graph. The constant c gives the y-intercept, since when x = 0, y = c.

方程 y = 0 的根对应图像与 x 轴的交点。常数 c 给出 y 轴截距,因为当 x = 0 时,y = c。

ercepts at x = 3, x = −1, and y = −3. The vertex lies halfway between the roots, at x = 1.

画二次函数草图时,通常需要找出 x 轴截距、y 轴截距和顶点。例如,y = x² − 2x − 3 的 x 轴截距为 x = 3 和 x = −1,y 轴截距为 y = −3。顶点的 x 坐标位于两个根的正中间,即 x = 1。


8. The Vertex and Axis of Symmetry | 顶点与对称轴

function y = ax² + bx + c, the axis of symmetry is given by the vertical line x = −b/(2a).

每条抛物线都有一条对称轴,即一条竖直直线,使图像分成两个镜像部分。对于二次函数 y = ax² + bx + c,对称轴为竖直线 x = −b/(2a)。

The vertex is the point on the parabola that lies on the axis of symmetry. Its x-coordinate is the same value, −b/(2a). Substitute this into the function to find the y-coordinate.

顶点是抛物线上位于对称轴上的点。其 x 坐标同样是 −b/(2a)。将这一值代入函数即可求出 y 坐标。

ry is x = 6/2 = 3. Substituting x = 3 gives y = 9 − 18 + 5 = −4. So the vertex is (3, −4).

例:对于 y = x² − 6x + 5,对称轴为 x = 6/2 = 3。代入 x = 3 得 y = 9 − 18 + 5 = −4。因此顶点为 (3, −4)。

irectly: if y = (x − h)² + k, then the vertex is (h, k) and the axis of symmetry is x = h.

配方法可直接得到顶点:若 y = (x − h)² + k,则顶点为 (h, k),对称轴为 x = h。


9. Solving Quadratic Inequalities | 解二次不等式

Solving them requires finding the roots first, then determining the sign of the quadratic on different intervals of the x-axis.

二次不等式涉及如 x² − 3x − 4 > 0 或 x² + 2x ≤ 8 的表达式。解这类不等式需要先求根,再判断二次式在 x 轴不同区间内的正负号。

y = (x − 4)(x + 1) opens upward, so it is positive outside the interval between the roots.

例:解 x² − 3x − 4 > 0。因式分解得 (x − 4)(x + 1) > 0。根为 x = 4 和 x = −1。函数 y = (x − 4)(x + 1) 开口向上,因此在两根之间以外的区间为正。

x < −1 或 x > 4

qualities with ≤ or ≥, include the roots. For x² − 3x − 4 ≤ 0, the solution is −1 ≤ x ≤ 4.

对于含有 ≤ 或 ≥ 的不等式,应包括根。对于 x² − 3x − 4 ≤ 0,解为 −1 ≤ x ≤ 4。

Always sketch the parabola or use a sign table to avoid mistakes on the direction of the inequality.

为了避免方向错误,建议画草图或使用符号表来确定解集。


10. Applications of Quadratics | 二次方程的应用

Quadratic equations appear in many real-life contexts, including projectile motion, area problems, economics, and engineering. In examination problems, you often need to form a quadratic equation from the given information, then solve it.

二次方程出现在许多生活场景中,包括抛物运动、面积问题、经济学和工程学。在考试题目中,你常常需要根据已知信息列出二次方程,然后求解。

ng gives (w + 9)(w − 4) = 0, so w = 4 or w = −9. Since width cannot be negative, w = 4 cm.

例:一个长方形的长比宽多 5 cm,面积为 36 cm²。设宽为 w。则 w(w + 5) = 36,所以 w² + 5w − 36 = 0。因式分解得 (w + 9)(w − 4) = 0,因此 w = 4 或 w = −9。宽度不能为负,所以 w = 4 cm。

+ h₀, a quadratic in time t. Setting h = 0 gives the time when the object hits the ground.

在抛物运动中,物体被抛起后的高度 h 可用时间 t 的二次函数 h = −gt² + v₀t + h₀ 表示。令 h = 0 即可得到物体落地的时间。

Exam tip: Read the question carefully, define your variable, and check whether any solution must be rejected due to the real-world context.

考试提示:仔细阅读题目,设定变量,并检查是否有解因实际意义需要舍去。


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