📚 Mastering the IGCSE Chemistry Subject Content: A Complete Topic-by-Topic Guide | 掌握IGCSE化学学科内容：完整分专题指南
The Cambridge IGCSE Chemistry syllabus (0620) is designed to give students a coherent understanding of the principles of chemistry and the ability to apply them in familiar and unfamiliar contexts. This guide walks through the entire subject content in eleven focused sections, matching the core and extended syllabus requirements.
剑桥IGCSE化学教学大纲（0620）旨在让学生对化学原理形成连贯的理解，并能够在熟悉与陌生的情境中加以应用。本指南通过十一个重点专题，完整梳理了全部学科内容，贴合核心与扩展课程的要求。
1. The Atom and the Periodic Table | 原子与元素周期表
All matter is made up of atoms, each of which contains a central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The nucleus holds protons, which carry a +1 charge, and neutrons, which carry no charge. The number of protons defines the atomic number (Z), while the total number of protons and neutrons gives the mass number (A).
所有物质都由原子构成，每个原子包含一个位于中心的原子核，以及环绕原子核运动的电子云。原子核中包含带 +1 电荷的质子和不带电荷的中子。质子数决定原子序数（Z），而质子数与中子数之和则为质量数（A）。
Atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons, but they may differ in their number of neutrons. These variants are called isotopes. For example, chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are isotopes of chlorine, and the average of their relative abundances gives the relative atomic mass of 35.5.
同种元素的原子必然具有相同的质子数，但中子数可能不同，这些变体称为同位素。例如，氯-35 和氯-37 是氯的两种同位素，按相对丰度取平均值后得到氯的相对原子质量为 35.5。
The Periodic Table arranges elements in
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