📚 Energy Transfers and Conservation | 能量转移与守恒
Energy is one of the most fundamental ideas in science. Understanding how energy is stored, transferred and conserved is essential for explaining everything from a falling object to the generation of electricity. This article follows the Edexcel IGCSE Science specification and covers the key concepts you need to master for exams.
能量是科学中最基本的概念之一。理解能量如何储存、转移和守恒，是解释从物体下落到发电等一切现象的关键。本文遵循 Edexcel IGCSE 科学考纲，涵盖你在考试中需要掌握的重点概念。
1. What Is Energy? | 什么是能量？
In physics, energy is defined as the capacity to do work. Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. The amount of energy transferred is equal to the work done.
在物理学中，能量被定义为做功的能力。当力使物体沿力的方向移动时，就做了功。转移能量的多少等于所做的功。
Energy is measured in joules (J). One joule is the energy transferred when a force of one newton moves an object through a distance of one metre in the direction of the force.
能量的单位是焦耳（J）。当 1 牛顿的力使物体沿力的方向移动 1 米时，所转移的能量就是 1 焦耳。
Energy itself is invisible, but we can detect it by its effects, such as a temperature rise, movement, sound or light.
能量本身看不见，但我们可以通过它的效果来感知，比如温度升高、运动、声音或光。
2. Forms of Energy | 能量的形式
Energy exists in many different forms. In IGCSE science, you should be able to identify and describe the following forms:
能量以多种不同形式存在。在 IGCSE 科学中，你应该能够识别并描述以下能量形式：
Kinetic energy – the energy of a moving object.
动能 – 运动物体具有的能量。
Gravitational potential energy – energy stored in an object because of its height in a gravitational field.
重力势能 – 物体因在重力场中的高度而储存的能量。
Elastic potential energy – energy stored in a stretched or compressed spring or elastic material.
弹性势能 – 弹簧或弹性材料被拉伸或压缩时储存的能量。
Chemical energy – energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds, such as food, fuels and batteries.
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