📚 Additional Exam-Style Questions for Cambridge IGCSE Economics | 剑桥IGCSE经济附加考试风格练习题
This article provides a fresh set of exam-style questions for Cambridge IGCSE Economics (0455). Each question is followed by a structured model answer so that you can practise defining terms, explaining economic relationships and evaluating government policies.
本文为剑桥IGCSE经济（0455）提供一套全新的考试风格练习题。每道题后附有结构化的参考答案，帮助你练习定义术语、解释经济关系以及评估政府政策。
1. The Basic Economic Problem and Opportunity Cost | 基本经济问题与机会成本
Exam question: (a) Define scarcity and opportunity cost. (b) A country can produce only wheat and steel. Using a production possibility frontier, explain the opportunity cost of producing more steel. [4]
试题：（a）定义稀缺性和机会成本。（b）某国只能生产小麦和钢铁。利用生产可能性边界，解释多生产钢铁的机会成本。[4]
Model answer:
参考答案：
Scarcity means that resources are limited relative to unlimited wants, so not all wants can be satisfied.
稀缺性是指相对于无限欲望而言资源是有限的，因此并非所有欲望都能被满足。
Opportunity cost is the next best alternative forgone when a choice is made.
机会成本是做出选择时放弃的下一个最佳替代方案。
On a production possibility frontier, the curve shows the maximum output combinations of wheat and steel. To increase steel output, resources must be moved from wheat production, so wheat output falls.
在生产可能性边界上，曲线表示小麦和钢铁的最大产出组合。要增加钢铁产出，必须将资源从小麦生产中转移，因此小麦产出下降。
The opportunity cost of producing more steel is therefore the quantity of wheat forgone. The bowed-out shape shows that as more steel is produced, the marginal opportunity cost rises because resources are not equally suited to both goods.
因此，多生产钢铁的机会成本就是放弃的小麦数量。向外凸出的形状表明，随着钢铁产量增加，边际机会成本上升，因为资源并非同样适合两种商品。
2. Market Economy vs Planned Economy | 市场经济与计划经济
Exam question: Explain two advantages and two disadvantages of a market economy compared with a planned economy. [6]
试题：与计划经济相比，市场经济有哪两个优点和两个缺点？请加以解释。[6]
Advantage 1 – Efficient allocation: Prices act as signals. In a market economy, consumer demand raises prices, which encourages producers to supply more. This allocates resources to goods that are wanted.
优点一——有效配置：价格充当信号。在市场经济中，消费者需求推动价格上升，从而鼓励生产者增加供给。这使资源分配到人们想要的商品上。
Advantage 2 – Incentives: Private firms keep profits, so they have a strong incentive to reduce costs, innovate and improve quality. This can lead to greater productivity and economic growth.
优点二——激励：私营企业保留利润，因而有强烈动力降低成本、创新和提高质量。这可以带来更高的生产率和经济增长。
Disadvantage 1 – Inequality: A market economy may produce an unequal distribution of income because those with high incomes can command more resources while the poor may lack basic goods.
缺点一——不平等：市场经济可能导致收入分配不平等，因为高收入者能够支配更多资源，而穷人可能缺乏基本商品。
Disadvantage 2 – Market failure: Markets may fail to produce public goods, such as national defence, or they may create negative externalities, such as pollution. The profit motive does not always reflect social costs.
缺点二——市场失灵：市场可能无法提供国防等公共物品，也可能产生污染等负外部性。利润动机并不总能反映社会成本。
3. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给
Exam question: A new report says eating avocados is very healthy, while a drought reduces avocado harvests. Analyse the effect on the market for avocados. [6]
试题：一份新报告称食用牛油果非常健康，同时干旱减少了牛油果收成。分析这对牛油果市场的影响。[6]
Model answer:
参考答案：
The report is a non-price determinant of demand. It raises consumer preference, so demand for avocados increases. The demand curve shifts to the right.
该报告是需求非价格决定因素。它提高了消费者偏好，因此牛油果需求增加，需求曲线向右移动。
The drought is a non-price determinant of supply. It reduces yields, so supply falls. The supply curve shifts to the left.
干旱是供给非价格决定因素。它降低了产量，因此供给减少，供给曲线向左移动。
Both shifts lead to a higher equilibrium price. The equilibrium quantity is ambiguous: if demand increases by more than supply falls, quantity rises; if supply falls by more, quantity falls.
两种移动都导致均衡价格上升。均衡数量则不确定：如果需求增加超过供给减少，数量上升；如果供给减少超过需求增加，数量下降。
4. Price Elasticity of Demand | 需求价格弹性
Exam question: A shop cuts the price of a good from $10 to $8 and quantity demanded rises from 200 to 240 units. (a) Calculate the price elasticity of demand. (b) Explain what this means for total revenue. [5]
试题：某商店将商品价格从10美元降至8美元，需求量从200件增至240件。（a）计算需求价格弹性。（b）解释这对总收益意味着什么。[5]
Model answer:
参考答案：
Percentage change in price = ((8 − 10) ÷ 10) × 100 = −20%
价格变动百分比 = ((8 − 10) ÷ 10) × 100 = −20%
Percentage change in quantity demanded = ((240 − 200) ÷ 200) × 100 = +20%
需求量变动百分比 = ((240 − 200) ÷ 200) × 100 = +20%
PED = %ΔQD ÷ %ΔP = +20% ÷ −20% = −1
The absolute value is 1, so demand is unit elastic. This means the percentage change in quantity demanded is exactly equal to the percentage change in price.
绝对值等于1，因此需求为单位弹性。这意味着需求量变动百分比恰好等于价格变动百分比。
Total revenue before = $10 × 200 = $2000. Total revenue after = $8 × 240 = $ tal revenue unchanged; the small difference here is due to rounding of percentage changes.
之前总收益 = $10 × 200 = 2000美元。之后总收益 = $8 × 240 = 1920美元。理论上，单位弹性需求使总收益不变；这里的微小差异源于百分比变动四舍五入。
5. Factors Affecting Price Elasticity of Supply | 影响供给价格弹性的因素
Exam question: Explain three factors that determine the price elasticity of supply for a manufactured good. [6]
试题：解释决定制成品供给价格弹性的三个因素。[6
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