📚 Iteration: Numerical Methods for Solving Equations | 迭代法:解方程的数值方法
In A Level Mathematics, iteration is a numerical technique for locating approximate solutions of equations. It is especially useful when an equation cannot be rearranged into a closed algebraic form, or when an exact root is irrational and a decimal approximation is sufficient. Edexcel questions often ask you to use a given iterative formula, carry out repeated substitutions, and judge whether the process converges to a root.
在 A Level 数学中,迭代法是一种求方程近似解的数值技术。当方程难以写成闭合的代数形式,或者精确根是无理数且只需要小数近似值时,迭代法特别有用。Edexcel 考试题经常要求考生使用给定的迭代公式进行反复代入,并判断该过程是否收敛到某个根。
1. What Is Iteration? | 什么是迭代法
t each step. If the sequence approaches a fixed number α, we say the iteration converges to α.
迭代的意思是按照固定规则重复计算。从初始估计值 x₀ 开始,我们通过每一步应用同一个公式 xₙ₊₁ = g(xₙ) 来生成数列 x₁、x₂、x₃……如果这个数列逐渐接近某个固定数 α,我们就说迭代收敛到 α。
such as f(x) = 0 when algebraic methods are difficult, slow, or impossible at this level.
这种方法属于 Edexcel 纯数学中的数值方法。当代数方法困难、耗时或者在当前阶段无法使用时,它可以用来近似求解 f(x) = 0 这类方程的根。
2. Rearranging f(x) = 0 into x = g(x) | 将 f(x) = 0 改写为 x = g(x)
(x). This is not unique; the same equation can often be rearranged in several different ways. The iterative formula is then written as:
要使用迭代法,我们首先要把方程 f(x) = 0 改写成 x = g(x) 的形式。这种改写并不是唯一的,同一个方程通常可以有多种不同的改写方式。迭代公式随后写成:
xₙ₊₁ = g(xₙ)
quadratic equation x² − 5x + 3 = 0 can be rearranged by writing 5x = x² + 3, which gives:
例如,二次方程 x² − 5x + 3 = 0 可以通过写成 5x = x² + 3 来改写,得到:
x = (x² + 3)/5
(x² + 3)/5. Other rearrangements are possible, but some will converge and others will not.
这样就得到了所需的形式,其中 g(x) = (x² + 3)/5。也可以有其他改写方式,但有些会收敛,有些则不会。
3. Existence of Roots: The Sign Change Rule | 根的存在性:符号变化法则
; 0, then there is at least one root in the interval (a, b). This is the sign change rule.
在应用迭代法之前,我们通常需要证明在给定区间内存在一个根。如果 f(x) 在 [a, b] 上连续,并且 f(a) × f(b) < 0,那么在区间 (a, b) 内至少存在一个根。这就是符号变化法则。
1, there must be a root in the interval [0, 1]. The smaller root is approximately 0.6972.
对于 f(x) = x² − 5x + 3,我们有 f(0) = 3 和 f(1) = −1。由于符号在 x = 0 与 x = 1 之间发生变化,因此区间 [0, 1] 内必定存在一个根。较小的根约为 0.6972。
The sign change rule is sufficient for existence but is not necessary in every case. A repeated root where the curve touches the x-axis may not produce a sign change, so care is needed when interpreting results.
符号变化法则对于根的存在性是充分条件,但并非在所有情况下都是必要条件。如果曲线刚好与 x 轴相切而产生重根,则可能不会出现符号变化,因此解释结果时需要小心。
4. Fixed Points and Roots | 不动点与根
into x = g(x), a fixed point of g corresponds to a root of the original equation f(x) = 0.
如果某个数 α 满足 α = g(α),那么 α 就称为函数 g 的不动点。由于方程 f(x) = 0 已被改写为 x = g(x),因此 g 的不动
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