📚 Graph Transformations: y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x|) | 绝对值图像变换:y = |f(x)| 与 y = f(|x|)
lue function creates two of the most common but easily confused graph transformations: y = |f(x)| and y = f(|x| rticle explains the rules behind each transformation, compares them side by side, and shows how to sketch the graphs and solve the equations that examiners like to set.
在 Edexcel A-Level 数学中,绝对值函数产生两种最常见却最容易混淆的图像变换:y = |f(x)| 和 y = f(|x|)。两者使用同一个模(绝对值)符号,但它们作用的位置完全不同,画出的图像也截然不同。本文将解释两种变换背后的规则,逐项对比它们的差别,并展示如何画图以及求解考官常考的相关方程。
1. The Two Transformations at a Glance | 两种变换速览
The expression y = |f(x)| the original curve that lay below the x-axis is pushed up above it. The expression y = f(|x| ative inputs are replaced by their positive counterparts before the function is evaluated.
y = |f(x)| 对函数的输出取绝对值。对于定义域内的任意 x,y 坐标都被强制为非负,因此原曲线中位于 x 轴下方的部分会被翻折到 x 轴上方。y = f(|x|) 则作用在相反的位置:绝对值加在输入上,因此负输入在代入函数之前就被替换成对应的正输入。
tion changes y-values, while a modulus inside the function changes x-values. Therefore y = |f(x)| is a vertical effect and y = f(|x| ion clearly in mind is essential for sketching quickly and accurately under exam pressure.
一个快速记忆法是:绝对值写在函数外部时改变 y 值,写在函数内部时改变 x 值。因此 y = |f(x)| 是竖直方向的影响,而 y = f(|x|) 是水平方向的影响。牢牢记住这一区别,是在考试时间压力下快速准确作图的关键。
2. Key Graph Rules | 关键绘图规则
For y = |f(x)| h never goes below the x-axis, and the points where f(x) = 0 stay fixed because reflecting zero gives zero.
对于 y = |f(x)|,保留 y = f(x) 位于 x 轴及其上方的部分不变;位于 x 轴下方的任何部分都关于 x 轴反射。所得图像永远不会出现在 x 轴下方,而满足 f(x) = 0 的点保持不动,因为零的反射仍是零。
For y = f(|x| aph is even, so it is always symmetric about the y-axis, and the y-intercept is unchanged.
对于 y = f(|x|),先取 y = f(x) 在 x ≥ 0 的部分,再把这右侧分支关于 y 轴反射,得到左侧图像。该图像是偶函数,因此始终关于 y 轴对称,且 y 轴截距保持不变。
For y = |f(x)|: y = f(x) if f(x) ≥ 0; y = −f(x) if f(x) < 0
对于 y = |f(x)|:若 f(x) ≥ 0,则 y = f(x);若 f(x) < 0,则 y = −f(x)
For y = f(|x|): y = f(x) if x ≥ 0; y = f(−x) if x < 0
对于 y = f(|x|):若 x ≥ 0,则 y = f(x);若 x < 0,则 y = f(−x)
| Feature | 特征 | y = |f(x)| | y = f(|x|) |
|---|---|---|
| Absolute value applied to | 绝对值作用于 | Output y | 输出 y | Input x | 输入 x |
| Main visual effect | 主要视觉效果 | Reflect negative parts in x-axis | 负值部分关于 x 轴反射 | Mirror the x ≥ 0 side in the y-axis | 右侧部分关于 y 轴镜像 |
| Symmetry | 对称性 | Not necessarily symmetric | 不一定对称 | Always even, symmetric in y-axis | 恒为偶函数,关于 y 轴对称 |
| Range | 值域 | y ≥ 0 | y ≥ 0 | Same range as f on x ≥ 0 | 与 f 在 x ≥ 0 上的值域相同 |
| Domain | 定义域 | Same as f | 与 f 相同 | All x with |x| in domain of f | 所有使 |x| 落在 f 定义域内的 x |
e the other creates horizontal symmetry. Notice also that the domain can change for y = f(|x|) but never for y = |f(x)|.
上表总结了核心区别:一种变换改变竖直方向的正负号,另一种则产生水平方向的对称性。还要注意,y = f(|x|) 的定义域可能改变,而 y = |f(x)| 的定义域绝不会改变。
3. Why the Rules Work | 规则背后的原理
Start with y = |f(x)|. By definition of the modulus, |f(x)| xis, so every point below the axis is lifted above it. Points on the axis satisfy f(x) = 0 and are unchanged.
先从 y = |f(x)| 说起。根据绝对值的定义,当 f(x) 为零或正数时 |f(x)| 等于 f(x);当 f(x) 为负数时 |f(x)| 等于 −f(x)。把负的 y 值乘以 −1,就是把该点关于 x 轴反射,因此轴上方的保持原样、轴下方的被翻上来。在轴上的点满足 f(x) = 0,位置不变。
Now consider y = f(|x|). Since |−x| = |x| for every real x, we get f(|−x|) = f(|x| e the same height, which is the algebraic reason for the mirror symmetry about the y-axis.
再看 y = f(|x|)。由于对任意实数 x 都有 |−x| = |x|,可得 f(|−x|) = f(|x|)。这个恒等式正好说明曲线是偶函数:横坐标为 x 与 −x 的两点高度永远相同,这就是关于 y 轴镜像对称的代数原因。
One important consequence is that y = |f(x)| is not automatically even. For example, y = |x − 2| tely not symmetric about the y-axis, even though it contains a modulus. Conversely, y = f(|x|) is always even, whatever the original function f looks like on the left of the y-axis.
一个重要推论是:y = |f(x)| 并不自动是偶函数。例如 y = |x − 2| 显然不关于 y 轴对称,尽管它含有绝对值符号。反过来,无论原函数 f 在 y 轴左侧长什么样,y = f(|x|) 永远是偶函数。
4. Worked Example: f(x) = x − 2 | 例题:f(x) = x − 2
he x-axis at x = 2 and the y-axis at (0, −2). The negative part lies to the left of x = 2.
设 f(x) = x − 2。原图像是一条斜率为 1 的直线,在 x = 2 处与 x 轴相交,在 (0, −2) 处与 y 轴相交。其负值部分位于 x = 2 的左侧。
For y = |x − 2| ent +1, while the left-hand branch is y = −(x − 2) = 2 − x and has gradient −1. The y-intercept becomes (0, 2). This graph is not symmetric about the y-axis.
对于 y = |x − 2|,我们把 x 轴下方的部分全部向上反射,得到顶点在 (2, 0) 的 V 形图像。右支为 y = x − 2,斜率仍为 +1;左支为 y = −(x − 2) = 2 − x,斜率为 −1。y 轴截距变为 (0, 2)。这条曲线不关于 y 轴对称。
For y = |x| cepts at x = ±2. This graph is even. Students often confuse these two because the algebra looks similar, so compare the tables carefully.
对于 y = |x| − 2,我们先保留 x ≥ 0 的分支 y = x − 2,再关于 y 轴镜像。结果同样是 V 形,但顶点在 (0, −2),与 x 轴交于 x = ±2。该图像是偶函数。由于代数式看起来相似,学生常把这两者混淆,因此务必仔细对比下表。
| Feature | 特征 | y = |x − 2| | y = |x| − 2 |
|---|---|---|
| Vertex | 顶点 | (2, 0) | (0, −2) |
| x-intercepts | x 轴交点 | x = 2 only | 仅 x = 2 | x = 2 and x = −2 | x = 2 与 x = −2 |
| y-intercept | y 轴交点 | (0, 2) | (0, −2) |
| Symmetry | 对称性 | None | 无 | About the y-axis | 关于 y 轴对称 |
5. Worked Example: A Quadratic | 例题:二次函数
x = 1 and x = 3 and its minimum at (2, −1), so it dips below the x-axis between the roots.
设 f(x) = x² − 4x + 3 = (x − 1)(x − 3)。这条开口向上的抛物线在 x = 1 与 x = 3 处有根,最小值点为 (2, −1),因此在两根之间沉到 x 轴下方。
For y = |x² − 4x + 3| maximum at (2, 1), and the roots at x = 1 and x = 3 remain. The whole curve now lies on or above the x-axis, giving the classic "W in reverse" shape.
对于 y = |x² − 4x + 3|,外侧部分(x ≤ 1 与 x ≥ 3)保持不变,而 x = 1 与 x = 3 之间下沉的部分被向上反射。最小值点 (2, −1) 变成局部最高点 (2, 1),x = 1 与 x = 3 处的根保持不变。整条曲线此时都在 x 轴上方,形成经典的"倒 W"形状。
For y = x² − 4|x| irror line. The parts of the curve between x = −1 and x = 1 are now above the axis, whereas in the previous graph that region was also above the axis but for a completely different reason.
对于 y = x² − 4|x| + 3,我们保留右侧分支并镜像。结果在 x = ±1 与 x = ±3 处有根,在 (±2, −1) 处有局部最小值,并在 (0, 3) 处出现局部最大值,这正是镜像造成的。现在 −1 与 1 之间的曲线位于轴上方;而上一幅图中那段区域同样在轴上方,但成因完全不同。
6. Worked Example: A Trigonometric Function | 例题:三角函数
2π the sine curve is above the axis for 0 < x < π and below it for π < x < 2π.
设 f(x) = sin x。在区间 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π 内,正弦曲线在 0 < x < π 时位于 x 轴上方,在 π < x < 2π 时位于其下方。
For y = |sin x| s period is halved compared with y = sin x. Every arch touches the axis at multiples of π.
对于 y = |sin x|,π 到 2π 之间的负半拱被向上翻折。所得图像的值域为 0 ≤ y ≤ 1,并且每隔 π 重复一次,因此周期比 y = sin x 缩短了一半。每个拱都在 π 的整数倍处触及坐标轴。
For y = sin|x| y-axis it looks like the familiar sine wave, and to the left it is the exact mirror image.
对于 y = sin|x|,x ≥ 0 的部分不变,再把右侧镜像到 x < 0。结果是值域为 −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 的偶函数:在 y 轴右侧与熟悉的正弦曲线相同,在左侧则是它的精确镜像。
7. Worked Example: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions | 例题:指数与对数函数
Let f(x) = eˣ This curve crosses the x-axis at x = ln 2 and has a horizontal asymptote y = −2 as x → −∞.
设 f(x) = eˣ − 2。这条曲线在 x = ln 2 处与 x 轴相交,并在 x → −∞ 时以 y = −2 为水平渐近线。
For y = |eˣ − 2| mptote y = 2 instead of y = −2. This is a good example of a modulus changing an asymptote.
对于 y = |eˣ
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