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Transforming Trigonometric Graphs | 三角函数的图像变换

2026-08-29 13:40 · 本文部分内容由AI辅助创作

📚 Transforming Trigonometric Graphs | 三角函数的图像变换

(bx + c) + d and the equivalent cosine and tangent forms change amplitude, period, phase shift and vertical position.

三角函数图像的变换是 Edexcel A-Level 数学大纲中非常实用且高频的考点。你需要理解 y = a sin(bx + c) + d 以及对应的余弦、正切形式中的参数如何改变振幅、周期、相位平移和垂直位置。


1. The Parent Trigonometric Graphs | 基础三角函数图像

d range [-1, 1], while tangent has period 180° and vertical asymptotes at x = 90° + 180°n.

在应用变换之前,先回顾三个基础图像:y = sin x、y = cos x 和 y = tan x。正弦和余弦的周期为 360°,值域为 [-1, 1];正切的周期为 180°,并且在 x = 90° + 180°n 处有竖直渐近线。

Sine starts at the origin and rises to a maximum at 90°. Cosine starts at its maximum at 0°. Tangent passes through the origin and increases between each pair of asymptotes.

正弦从原点出发,在 90° 时达到最大值。余弦在 0° 时从最大值开始。正切穿过原点,并在每两条渐近线之间递增。


2. Vertical Stretch: y = a sin x | 垂直伸缩:y = a sin x

nt a changes the amplitude of the graph. For y = a sin x and y = a cos x, the amplitude is |a| than 1, the graph is stretched vertically; if 0 < a < 1, it is squashed vertically.

系数 a 会改变图像的振幅。对于 y = a sin x 和 y = a cos x,振幅为 |a|。如果 a 大于 1,图像被纵向拉伸;如果 0 < a < 1,图像被纵向压缩。

When a is negative, the graph is also reflected in the x-axis. The new range becomes [-|a|, |a|], so the graph oscillates between these two y-values.

当 a 为负数时,图像同时关于 x 轴反射。新的值域变为 [-|a|, |a|],因此图像在这两个 y 值之间振荡。

Amplitude = |a|, Range = [-|a|, |a|] for y = a sin x


3. Vertical Translation: y = sin x + d | 垂直平移:y = sin x + d

a negative d shifts it downward. The horizontal axis or midline moves from y = 0 to y = d.

加上 d 会使整条图像垂直移动。d 为正时图像向上平移 d 个单位,d 为负时向下平移。水平轴或中线从 y = 0 移动到 y = d。

1]. In the general model y = a sin(bx + c) + d, the midline is y = d and the range is [d - |a|, d + |a|].

对于 y = sin x + d,值域变为 [d - 1, d + 1]。在一般模型 y = a sin(bx + c) + d 中,中线为 y = d,值域为 [d - |a|, d + |a|]。

Vertical shift = d, Midline: y = d


4. Horizontal Stretch: y = sin(bx) | 水平伸缩:y = sin(bx)

changes the period of the graph. For y = sin(bx) and y = cos(bx), the new period is 360° / |b| 1, the graph is compressed horizontally; if 0 < b < 1, it is stretched horizontally.

系数 b 会改变图像的周期。对于 y = sin(bx) 和 y = cos(bx),新周期为 360° / |b|。如果 b 大于 1,图像被水平压缩;如果 0 < b < 1,图像被水平拉伸。

For tangent, the parent period is 180°, so y = tan(bx) has period 180° / |b|. Always divide the original period by the absolute value of b.

正切的基础周期是 180°,所以 y = tan(bx) 的周期为 180° / |b|。始终用原周期除以 |b| 来求新周期。

Period = 360° / |b| for sine and cosine, Period = 180° / |b| for tangent


5. Horizontal Translation: y = sin(x + c) | 水平平移:y = sin(x + c)

= sin x shifted to the left by c units, because x + c = 0 gives the starting value x = -c.

括号内的常数 c 会产生相位平移。y = sin(x + c) 的图像是将 y = sin x 向左平移 c 个单位,因为 x + c = 0 可得起点 x = -c。

aph to the right by c units. Many students reverse this sign, so always test the transformation using a key point such as the first maximum or the origin.

类似地,y = sin(x - c) 将图像向右平移 c 个单位。很多学生会把这个符号弄反,因此一定要用第一个最大值或原点等关键点来检验变换。


6. Combined Transformations: y = a sin(bx + c) + d | 组合变换

c) + d, where a affects amplitude, b affects period, c affects horizontal position, and d affects vertical position. However, you must factorise the bracket first when identifying the horizontal shift.

一般正弦模型为 y = a sin(bx + c) + d,其中 a 影响振幅,b 影响周期,c 影响水平位置,d 影响垂直位置。但是在识别水平平移时,必须先对括号进行因式分解。

the true phase shift. The horizontal translation is c/b units to the left, or -c/b units to the right.

将表达式写成 y = a sin[b(x + c/b)] + d,才能显示出真正的相位平移。水平平移为向左 c/b 个单位,或写成向右 -c/b 个单位。

Amplitude = |a|, Period = 360° / |b|, Phase shift = -c/b, Vertical shift = d


7. Reflections in the Axes | 关于坐标轴的反射

graph in the x-axis. Replacing x with -x in y = sin(-x) reflects the graph in the y-axis.

把 sin x 换成 -sin x 会使图像关于 x 轴反射。把 x 换成 -x,即 y = sin(-x),会使图像关于 y 轴反射。

o cos(-x) = cos x, which means reflection in the y-axis leaves the cosine graph unchanged.

因为正弦是奇函数,sin(-x) = -sin x,所以对正弦来说这两种反射可能看起来相同。余弦是偶函数,cos(-x) = cos x,因此关于 y 轴的反射不会改变余弦图像。


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8. Worked Example 1: Identifying Transformations | 例题 1:识别变换

)] + 1. The amplitude is 3, the period is 180°, the phase shift is 30° to the right, and the vertical shift is 1 unit upward.

已知 y = 3 sin(2x - 60°) + 1,先将括号写成 y = 3 sin[2(x - 30°)] + 1。振幅为 3,周期为 180°,相位平移为向右 30°,垂直平移为向上 1 个单位。

um values are 4 and -2 respectively. One full cycle can be drawn from x = 30° to x = 210°.

中线为 y = 1,最大值和最小值分别为 4 和 -2。完整的一个周期可以从 x = 30° 画到 x = 210°。

y = 3 sin[2(x - 30°)] + 1: amplitude 3, period 180°, shift 30° right, shift 1 up


9. Worked Example 2: Sketching a Transformed Graph | 例题 2:画出变换后的图像

30°)] - 1. The amplitude is 2, the period is 120°, the phase shift is 30° to the left, and the vertical shift is 1 unit downward.

画出 y = 2 cos(3x + 90°) - 1。先把括号改写为 y = 2 cos[3(x + 30°)] - 1。振幅为 2,周期为 120°,相位平移为向左 30°,垂直平移为向下 1 个单位。

The maximum occurs at x = -30° with y = 1, and the minimum occurs at x = 30° with y = -3.

从 cos x 开始,水平压缩为原来的 1/3,向左平移 30°,纵向拉伸为 2 倍,再向下平移 1。最大值出现在 x = -30°,y = 1;最小值出现在 x = 30°,y = -3。

period of 120°. Marking the midline y = -1 helps you place the turning points accurately.

完整周期从 x = -30° 到 x = 90°,这验证了周期为 120°。标出中线 y = -1 有助于准确定位极值点。


10. Common Mistakes and Exam Tips | 常见错误与考试技巧

60°) must become y = sin[2(x + 30°)] before you state the shift is 30° left, not 60° left.

最常见的错误是因为没有把系数 b 和 c 分离而导致相位平移判断错误。例如,y = sin(2x + 60°) 必须先变成 y = sin[2(x + 30°)],才能判断平移是向左 30°,而不是向左 60°。

Another common mistake is mixing degrees and radians. Edexcel questions may use either unit, so write the period using the same unit as the angle: 360° / |b| in degrees or 2π / |b| in radians.

另一个常见错误是角度制和弧度制混用。Edexcel 题目可能使用任一单位,因此周期要使用与角度相同的单位:角度制为 360° / |b|,弧度制为 2π / |b|。

you recover the values of a and d before finding b and c from the period and phase shift.

根据图像读取参数时,使用公式:振幅 = (最大值 - 最小值) / 2,垂直平移 = (最大值 + 最小值) / 2。这样可以先确定 a 和 d,再由周期和相位平移确定 b 和 c。


11. Summary Table of Transformations | 变换总结表

Use this table as a quick reference when revising common transformations from y = sin x.

复习时可以使用下面的表格快速查阅 y = sin x 的常见变换。

TransformationEffect变换效果
y = a sin xAmplitude |a|; reflection if a < 0y = a sin x振幅 |a|;a < 0 时反射
y = sin(bx)Period 360° / |b|y = sin(bx)周期 360° / |b|
y = sin(x + c)Shift left by c unitsy = sin(x + c)向左平移 c 个单位
y = sin x + dShift up by d units; midline y = dy = sin x + d向上平移 d 个单位;中线

Published by TutorHao | A-Level Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com

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