📚 A-Level CAIE Sociology Key Terms Memory Guide | A-Level CAIE 社会学词汇术语速记指南
In A-Level CAIE Sociology, command of key terminology is not just a mark scheme requirement; it is the foundation of sociological analysis. This guide groups high-frequency terms by topic and offers memory-friendly definitions, contrasts, and revision strategies to help you recall them under timed conditions.
在 A-Level CAIE 社会学中，掌握核心术语不仅是评分标准的要求，更是社会学分析的基础。本指南按主题整理高频词汇，提供便于记忆的定义、对比和复习策略，帮助你在限时考试中准确回忆和运用。
1. Socialisation and Culture | 社会化与文化
Socialisation is the lifelong process by which individuals learn the norms, values, roles, and identities of their society. Primary socialisation occurs within the family during early childhood and is often linked to the work of Talcott Parsons, who saw the family as a 'personality factory'. Secondary socialisation continues through education, peer groups, religion, and the media.
社会化是个体学习社会规范、价值观、角色和身份的终身过程。初级社会化发生在儿童早期的家庭中，常与塔尔科特·帕森斯的研究相联系，他将家庭视为"人格工厂"。次级社会化则通过教育、同伴群体、宗教和媒体继续进行。
Key terms in this area include norms (shared rules of behaviour), values (beliefs about what is desirable), culture (the whole way of life of a group), and subculture (a group with distinctive norms and values within a wider culture). Cultural universals are features such as language, family arrangements, and rituals that appear in all societies.
该领域的核心术语包括规范（共同的行为规则）、价值观（关于理想目标的信念）、文化（群体的整体生活方式）和亚文化（在更广泛文化中具有独特规范和价值观的群体）。文化普遍性是指语言、家庭安排和仪式等在所有社会都出现的特征。
Remember that 'nature vs nurture' is not a term to define but a debate: how far behaviour is shaped by biology versus social learning. Many CAIE questions expect you to use examples from feral children or cross-cultural studies.
记住"先天与后天"并非一个需要定义的术语，而是一个争论：行为在多大程度上由生物因素塑造，又多大程度由社会学习塑造。许多 CAIE 题目希望你引用野孩或跨文化研究的例子。
2. Social Identity and Role | 社会身份与角色
Social identity refers to the part of a person's self-concept that comes from membership of social groups, such as social class, ethnicity, gender, age, and nationality. Sociologists often ask how these identities are constructed and how they intersect.
社会身份指个人自我概念中来自社会群体成员身份的部分，例如社会阶级、族裔、性别、年龄和国籍。社会学家常探讨这些身份如何被建构以及它们如何交织。
A role is the expected pattern of behaviour attached to a particular social position. Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more roles, such as being both an employee and a parent. Role strain is tension within a single role.
角色是附着于特定社会地位的期望行为模式。当一个人面临来自两个或多个角色的互不相容的要求时，例如同时作为雇员和家长，就会产生角色冲突。角色紧张则是单一角色内部的压力。
Status can be ascribed (fixed at birth, such as sex or royal title) or achieved (earned through effort, such as educational qualifications). Master status is the identity that overrides all others in social perception.
地位可以是先赋的（出生时已确定，如生理性别或王室头衔）或自致的（通过努力获得，如学历）。首要地位是压倒其他所有身份、在社会认知中占据主导的地位。
3. Social Stratification | 社会分层
Social stratification means the structured ranking of whole groups of people based on unequal access to wealth, income, status, and power. It is a macro-level concept, not just individual difference.
社会分层是指基于财富、收入、地位和权力的不平等获取而对整个人群进行结构化排序。这是一个宏观概念，不只是个体差异。
Life chances refer to the opportunities an individual has to achieve positive outcomes such as good health, education, and housing. Social mobility is movement between social classes; it can be intergenerational (between generations) or intragenerational (within a person's lifetime).
生活机会指个人获得良好健康、教育和住房等积极结果的机会。社会流动是指社会阶级之间的移动；它可以是代际流动（代际之间）或代内流动（一个人的一生中）。
Meritocracy is the principle that rewards are based on ability and effort. Functionalists see stratification as necessary to allocate the most talented people to important roles. Marxists argue that stratification reflects exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie and serves ruling-class interests.
精英主义是依据能力和努力分配回报的原则。功能主义者认为社会分层对于将最有才能的人分配到重要岗位是必要的。马克思主义者则认为社会分层反映了资产阶级
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