📚 IGCSE CAIE Physical Education: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE CAIE 体育：词汇术语速记指南
This guide groups the most frequently examined CAIE IGCSE Physical Education terms into topic clusters, with short memory hooks and paired English-Chinese explanations. Use it to build fast recall for definitions, data responses and practical examples.
本指南将 CAIE IGCSE 体育中最常考的核心术语按主题分组，并配有简短记忆提示和中英文对照解释。你可以用它快速掌握定义、数据分析和实践案例中的关键表达。
1. Anatomical and Physiological Core Terms | 解剖与生理核心术语
Aerobic means 'with oxygen'. Aerobic respiration provides energy during sustained exercise, using oxygen to break down glucose and produce ATP, carbon dioxide and water.
Aerobic（有氧）意为“有氧参与”。有氧呼吸在持续运动中供能，利用氧气分解葡萄糖，生成 ATP、二氧化碳和水。
Anaerobic means 'without oxygen'. It supplies energy for short, high-intensity bursts and produces lactic acid as a by-product.
Anaerobic（无氧）意为“无氧参与”。它为短时间高强度爆发供能，并产生乳酸副产物。
Cardiac output is the volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute:
cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume
中文对照：Cardiac output（心输出量）是心脏每分钟泵出的血量：心输出量 = 心率 × 每搏输出量。
VO₂ max is the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken in, transported and used per minute; it is a key measure of aerobic endurance.
VO₂ max（最大摄氧量）是每分钟可摄入、运输和利用的最大氧量，是衡量有氧耐力的关键指标。
2. Skeletal and Muscular System Terms | 骨骼与肌肉系统术语
Flexion decreases the angle at a joint, while extension increases it. Example: bending and straightening the elbow.
Flexion（屈曲）使关节角度减小，extension（伸展）使关节角度增大。例如肘关节的弯曲和伸直。
Abduction moves a limb away from the body midline; adduction moves it towards the midline.
Abduction（外展）将肢体移离身体中线；adduction（内收）将肢体移向中线。
Tendons attach muscle to bone. Ligaments attach bone to bone and stabilise joints. Cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at joint surfaces.
Tendon（肌腱）连接肌肉与骨。Ligament（韧带）连接骨与骨并稳定关节。Cartilage（软骨）在关节面减少摩擦并缓冲震动。
Antagonistic pairs are muscles that work against each other to create movement; for example, the biceps and triceps at the elbow.
Antagonistic pairs（拮抗肌对）是相互配合产生运动的肌肉对；例如肘部的肱二头肌与肱三头肌。
3. Respiratory and Circulatory Terms | 呼吸与循环术语
Tidal volume is the amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one normal breath. Vital capacity is the maximum air exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
Tidal volume（潮气量）是每次正常呼吸吸入或呼出的气量。Vital capacity（肺活量）是最大吸气后能呼出的最大气量。
Minute ventilation is the volume of air breathed per minute:
minute ventilation = tidal volume × breathing rate
中文对照：Minute ventilation（每分通气量）是每分钟呼吸的气量：每分通气量 = 潮气量 × 呼吸频率。
Vascular shunt mechanism redistributes blood away from inactive organs to working muscles during exercise.
Vascular shunt mechanism（血管分流机制）在运动时将血液从不活跃器官重新分配到工作肌肉。
Arteries carry blood away from the heart at high pressure; veins return blood to the heart with valves to prevent backflow; capillaries allow gas and nutrient exchange.
Artery（动脉）将血液以高压送出心脏；vein（静脉）将血液送回心脏并有瓣膜防止倒流；capillary（毛细血管）进行气体和营养交换。
4. Health and Skill-Related Fitness Components | 健康与技能相关体适能要素
Health-related components include cardiovascular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility and body composition.
健康相关要素包括心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性和身体成分。
Memory hook: 'Can My Mother Fly Backwards?' gives C for cardiovascular endurance, M for muscular strength, M for muscular endurance, F for flexibility and B for body composition.
记忆提示：“Can My Mother Fly Backwards?” 可对应心血管耐力、肌肉力量、肌肉耐力、柔韧性和身体成分的首字母。
Skill-related components include agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed.
技能相关要素包括敏捷性、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时间和速度。
Use 'A Big Cat Pounces Rapidly Sometimes' for agility, balance, coordination, power, reaction time and speed.
可用“A Big Cat Pounces Rapidly Sometimes”对应敏捷性、平衡、协调、爆发力、反应时间和速度。
5. Training Principles and Methods | 训练原则与方法
The SPORT principles are Specificity, Progression, Overload, Reversibility and Tedium. FITT stands for Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type.
SPORT 原则包括专项性、渐进性、超负荷、可逆性和枯燥性。FITT 代表频率、强度、时间和类型。
Specificity means training must match the demands of the sport or fitness goal.
Specificity（专项性）指训练必须匹配运动项目或体能目标的要求。
Progressive overload means gradually increasing stress on the body so improvement continues without injury.
Progressive overload（渐进超负荷）指逐步增加身体负荷，使能力持续提升而不受伤。
Interval training alternates periods of high-intensity work and recovery. Continuous training keeps the heart rate within the aerobic zone. Circuit training rotates through different exercise stations.
Interval training（间歇训练）交替高强度运动与恢复。Continuous training（持续训练）使心率保持有氧区间。Circuit training（循环训练）轮换不同练习站点。
6. Skill Acquisition and Information Processing | 动作技能与信息加工
Skill is a learned, goal-directed action; ability is an innate, stable trait that underpins skill performance.
Skill（技能）是习得的、有目标指向的动作；ability（能力）是与生俱来、稳定并支撑技能表现的特质。
Open skills are affected by a changing environment, e.g. a pass in football. Closed skills are performed in a stable, predictable environment, e.g. a free throw in basketball.
Open skill（开放性技能）受变化环境影响，如足球传球。Closed skill（封闭性技能）在稳定可预测环境中完成，如篮球罚球。
Feedback can be intrinsic, from within the performer, or extrinsic, from coach, video or results. Knowledge of results tells the outcome; knowledge of performance tells how well the movement was executed.
Feedback（反馈）可以是 intrinsic（内在反馈），来自运动员自身，也可以是 extrinsic（外在反馈），来自教练、视频或结果。Knowledge of results（结果认知）说明结果；knowledge of performance（表现认知）说明动作完成质量。
Stages of learning: cognitive, with many errors; associative, with practice and refinement; and autonomous, with automatic, fluent performance.
学习阶段：cognitive（认知阶段）错误较多；associative（联系阶段）练习与改进；autonomous（自主阶段）自动化流畅完成。
7. Nutrition and Energy Systems | 营养与能量系统
Carbohydrates are the body's main fuel for high-intensity exercise; fats supply energy during low-intensity, long-duration work; protein supports muscle repair and growth.
Carbohydrate（碳水化合物）是身体在高强度运动中的主要燃料；fat（脂肪）在低强度长时间运动中供能；protein（蛋白质）支持肌肉修复与生长。
Dehydration impairs performance and raises heart rate and body temperature. Maintaining hydration before, during and after exercise is essential.
Dehydration（脱水）会损害运动表现，使心率和体温升高。在运动前、中、后保持水分至关重要。
ATP is the immediate energy currency of cells. The ATP-PC system supplies very short, explosive efforts; the anaerobic lactic system supports up to about 60-90 seconds of intense work; the aerobic system dominates in longer steady exercise.
ATP 是细胞的直接能量货币。ATP-PC 系统为极短爆发力供能；anaerobic lactic system（无氧乳酸系统）支撑约 60-90 秒的高强度运动；aerobic system（有氧系统）在较长时间稳定运动中占主导。
8. Sports Psychology Key Terms | 运动心理学关键术语
Arousal is the level of mental and physical readiness. According to the inverted-U theory, performance improves as arousal rises to an optimum, then declines if arousal becomes too high.
Arousal（唤醒水平）指心理和身体的准备程度。倒 U 型理论认为，唤醒升至最佳水平时表现最好，过高则
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