📚 IGCSE Cambridge Engineering: Key Terms Memory Guide | IGCSE剑桥工程：词汇术语速记指南
Engineering at IGCSE level introduces a wide range of technical vocabulary, from material properties to manufacturing processes and electrical principles. This guide groups essential terms by topic and provides simple memory hooks so you can revise quickly and use the words accurately in exam answers.
IGCSE 工程课程涉及大量技术词汇，涵盖材料性能、制造工艺和电气原理等。本指南按照主题整理核心术语，并提供简单的记忆方法，帮助你快速复习并在考试中准确使用这些术语。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Properties describe how a material behaves under force, heat or electricity. Ductility means a material can be drawn into wire, while malleability means it can be hammered into thin sheets without cracking. Toughness is the ability to absorb energy without fracturing, and hardness is resistance to indentation or scratching.
性能描述材料在力、热或电作用下的表现。延展性（ductility）指材料可被拉成丝，而展性（malleability）指材料可被锤打成薄片而不开裂。韧性（toughness）是材料吸收能量而不断裂的能力，硬度（hardness）是抵抗压痕或划伤的能力。
- Ductility - drawn into wire; think 'duct' as a narrow passage.
- Malleability - hammered flat; 'malle' relates to hammer in Latin.
- Elasticity - returns to original shape after load is removed.
- Plasticity - stays deformed after load is removed.
- Tensile strength - resists pulling forces.
- Compressive strength - resists pushing forces.
延展性（Ductility）——可拉成丝；可联想 duct 有狭窄通道之意。展性（Malleability）——可锤平；malle 在拉丁语中与锤子相关。弹性（Elasticity）——去除载荷后恢复原状。塑性（Plasticity）——去除载荷后保持变形。抗拉强度（Tensile strength）——抵抗拉力。抗压强度（Compressive strength）——抵抗压力。
2. Mechanical Systems and Motion | 机械系统与运动
Mechanical systems transfer force and motion. A lever rotates around a pivot or fulcrum; the effort is the force you apply and the load is the resistance you overcome. Mechanical advantage (MA) compares load to effort, while velocity ratio (VR) compares distance moved by effort to distance moved by load. Efficiency shows how much input energy becomes useful output.
机械系统用于传递力和运动。杠杆绕支点（pivot 或 fulcrum）转动；施力（effort）是你施加的力，负载（load）是你克服的阻力。机械效益（MA）比较负载与施力，速比（VR）比较施力移动距离与负载移动距离。效率表示输入能量中有多少转化为有用输出。
MA = Load ÷ Effort
Efficiency = (MA ÷ VR) × 100%
- Torque - turning effect of a force.
- Gear ratio - number of teeth on driven gear ÷ number of teeth on driver gear.
- Idler gear - changes direction of rotation without changing speed ratio.
扭矩（Torque）——力的转动效应。齿轮比（Gear ratio）——从动轮齿数 ÷ 主动轮齿数。惰轮（Idler gear）——改变旋转方向但不改变转速比。
3. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Structures experience different types of force. Tension stretches a member, compression squeezes it, shear slides one part past another, torsion twists it, and bending combines tension and compression. In a truss, a tie is a member in tension and a strut is a member in compression. Buckling is sudden sideways failure of a slender member under compression.
结构承受不同类型的力。拉力（tension）拉伸构件，压力（compression）挤压构件，剪切力（shear）使一部分相对另一部分滑动，扭力（torsion）扭转构件，弯曲（bending）同时产生拉力和压力。在桁架中，拉杆（tie）承受拉力，压杆（strut）承受压力。屈曲（buckling）是细长构件在受压时突然发生的侧向失稳。
- Strut - resists compression; think strut pushes out.
- Tie - resists tension; think tie pulls tight.
- Shear - scissors create shear.
- Torsion - twisting a wet cloth.
压杆（Strut）——抵抗压力；可联想 strut 向外撑。拉杆（Tie）——抵抗拉力；可联想 tie 拉紧。剪切（Shear）——剪刀产生剪切。扭转（Torsion）——像拧干湿布。
4. Electrical and Electronic Terms | 电气与电子术语
. Voltage (V) is the push that drives current (I), and resistance (R) opposes current. Ohm' eries circuit current is the same everywhere, while in a parallel circuit voltage is the same across each branch.
电气系统传递电荷。电压（V）是驱动电流（I）的推动力，电阻（R）阻碍电流。欧姆定律将三者
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