📚 IGCSE Cambridge Physical Education: Key Terms Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE 剑桥体育：核心术语速记指南
This rapid revision guide groups the most commonly examined IGCSE Cambridge Physical Education terms into logical categories. Learn each definition, link it to a practical example, and use the quick recall prompts to test yourself before the exam.
本速记指南将 IGCSE 剑桥体育最常见的考试术语按逻辑分类。请学习每个定义，联系实际运动示例，并在考前使用快速回忆提示进行自测。
1. Anatomical Terms and Movement | 解剖术语与动作
In Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education, movement questions often ask you to describe what is happening at a joint. Learn the standard anatomical position first, because all movement terms are defined from that reference point.
在剑桥 IGCSE 体育中，动作类题目常要求你描述关节处发生的变化。先记住标准解剖学姿势，因为所有动作术语都以这个参考点来定义。
Anatomical position means standing upright, facing forward, with arms at the sides and palms facing forward.
解剖学姿势指身体直立、面朝前，双臂垂于体侧，掌心朝前。
- Flexion | 屈曲：decreases joint angle, e.g. bending the elbow | 减小关节角度，如屈肘
- Extension | 伸展：increases joint angle, e.g. straightening the knee | 增大关节角度，如伸膝
- Abduction | 外展：moves a limb away from the midline | 使肢体远离身体中线
- Adduction | 内收：moves a limb toward the midline | 使肢体靠近身体中线
Quick recall: abduction takes a limb away, adduction adds it back. Remember 'AB-away, AD-add' as a memory hook.
快速回忆：外展将肢体移开，内收将其收回。可用“AB-away, AD-add”作为记忆钩子。
2. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统关键术语
The skeleton has five main functions: protection, support, movement, blood cell production and mineral storage. IGCSE questions usually ask you to link a bone or joint to its function.
骨骼有五种主要功能：保护、支撑、运动、造血和矿物质储存。IGCSE 题目通常要求你将骨骼或关节与其功能联系起来。
Bones are classified as long, short, flat or irregular. Long bones such as the femur act as levers; flat bones such as the ribs protect organs.
骨骼分为长骨、短骨、扁骨和不规则骨。股骨等长骨起杠杆作用；肋骨等扁骨保护器官。
Synovial joints allow free movement. Hinge joints, like the knee, allow flexion and extension; ball-and-socket joints, like the hip, allow a wider range including rotation.
滑膜关节允许自由活动。膝关节等铰链关节允许屈伸；髋关节等球窝关节允许包括旋转在内的更大活动范围。
Remember: a ligament connects bone to bone; a tendon connects muscle to bone. Cartilage reduces friction, and synovial fluid lubricates the joint.
记住：韧带连接骨与骨；肌腱连接肌肉与骨。软骨减少摩擦，
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