📚 IGCSE Cambridge Art: Key Vocabulary Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE 剑桥艺术：词汇术语速记指南
This quick revision guide collects the essential art and design vocabulary for Cambridge IGCSE Art & Design. Learning these terms actively will help you describe your own work, analyse artists and respond accurately to exam questions.
本速记指南汇集了剑桥 IGCSE 艺术与设计学科的核心词汇。主动掌握这些术语，有助于你描述自己的作品、分析艺术家，并准确回应考试题目。
1. The Formal Elements | 形式元素
The formal elements are the basic visual building blocks of any artwork. Examiners expect you to name and discuss them in your written analysis and practical work.
形式元素是任何艺术作品的基本视觉构件。考官希望你能在书面分析和实践作品中指出并讨论这些元素。
Line - a mark made by a moving point; it can vary in width, direction and length.
线 - 由移动的点留下的痕迹；其宽度、方向和长度可以变化。
Tone - the lightness or darkness of a surface or colour.
色调/明暗 - 表面或颜色的明暗程度。
Texture - the actual or implied surface quality of an object.
质感/肌理 - 物体实际或暗示的表面触感。
Shape - a two-dimensional area with defined boundaries.
形状 - 具有明确边界的二维区域。
Form - a three-dimensional object or the illusion of three dimensions.
形体 - 三维物体或三维空间的错觉。
Colour - light reflected from a surface, described by hue, value and intensity.
色彩 - 从表面反射的光，由色相、明度和强度来描述。
Pattern - a repeated decorative design.
图案 - 重复的装饰性设计。
Space - the area around, between or within objects; can be positive or negative.
空间 - 物体周围、之间或内部的区域；可以是正空间或负空间。
2. Colour Terminology | 色彩术语
Colour theory helps you mix, organise and describe colour with precision. Use these terms when explaining your palette choices.
色彩理论帮助你精准地混合、组织和描述颜色。在解释你的调色选择时使用这些术语。
Hue - the name of a pure colour, such as red or blue.
色相 - 纯色的名称，如红色或蓝色。
Primary colours - red, yellow and blue; they cannot be mixed from other colours.
三原色 - 红、黄、蓝；它们无法由其他颜色混合而成。
Secondary colours - orange, green and violet; made by mixing two primary colours.
三间色 - 橙、绿、紫；由两种原色混合而成。
Tertiary colours - colours made by mixing a primary and a secondary colour, e.g. red-orange.
复色 - 由一种原色和一种间色混合而成的颜色，如红橙色。
Complementary colours - colours opposite each other on the colour wheel, e.g. red and green.
互补色 - 色轮上相对的颜色，如红与绿。
Harmonious colours - colours next to each other on the colour wheel, e.g. blue, blue-green and green.
和谐色 - 色轮上相邻的颜色，如蓝、蓝绿和绿。
Warm colours - reds, oranges and yellows; they suggest heat and energy.
暖色 - 红、橙、黄；它们暗示温暖与活力。
Cool colours - blues, greens and violets; they suggest calm and distance.
冷色 - 蓝、绿、紫；它们暗示冷静与距离。
Tint - a colour mixed with white.
浅色 - 与白色混合的颜色。
Shade - a colour mixed with black.
深色 - 与黑色混合的颜色。
3. Composition and Space | 构图与空间
Composition is the arrangement of visual elements in an artwork. Strong composition guides the viewer's eye and creates balance, focus and meaning.
构图是艺术作品中视觉元素的安排。有力的构图能引导观众的视线，并创造平衡、焦点和意义。
Composition - the arrangement of elements within an artwork.
构图 - 艺术作品中元素的安排。
Foreground - the part of an image closest to the viewer.
前景 - 图像中最靠近观众的部分。
Middle ground - the area between the foreground and background.
中景 - 前景与背景之间的区域。
Background - the part of an image furthest from the viewer.
背景 - 图像中离观众最远的部分。
Rule of thirds - a composition guideline dividing the image into nine equal parts; key elements are placed along these lines or intersections.
三分法 - 将画面分为九等分的构图准则；关键元素放置在这些线条或交叉点上。
Focal point - the main area of interest that first attracts the viewer's attention.
焦点 - 首先吸引观众注意力的主要兴趣区域。
Perspective - a technique for creating the illusion of depth on a flat surface.
透视 - 在平面上创造深度错觉的技法。
Vanishing point - the point in perspective drawing where parallel lines appear to meet.
消失点 - 透视绘画中平行线似乎汇聚的点。
Negative space - the empty space around and between subjects.
负空间 - 主体周围和之间的空白区域。
4. Drawing and Mark-Making | 素描与笔触
Mark-making refers to the different lines, dots, textures and strokes used to build a drawing. Varying marks can create tone, movement and expression.
笔触指用于构建素描的不同线条、点、纹理和描画方式。多样的笔触能创造明暗、动感和表现力。
Contour drawing - drawing the outline and key edges of a subject, often without lifting the pencil.
轮廓素描 - 画出对象的轮廓和关键边缘，通常不抬起铅笔。
Hatching - parallel lines used to build tone.
排线 - 用于营造明暗的平行线。
Cross-hatching - intersecting sets of parallel lines used to create darker tone and texture.
交叉排线 - 相交的平行线组，用于创造更深的明暗和纹理。
Stippling - using small dots to build tone and texture.
点画 - 用小点营造明暗和纹理。
Scumbling - a scribbled, circular mark-making technique used to build soft tone or texture.
圈涂 - 用乱涂或环形笔触营造柔和明暗或纹理的技法。
Blending - smoothing marks together to create gradual tonal transitions.
融合/揉擦 - 将笔触抹匀，以创造渐变的明暗过渡。
Observational drawing - drawing directly from real objects or scenes rather than from imagination or photographs.
观察性素描 - 直接根据真实物体或场景作画，而非凭想象或照片。
Gesture drawing - quick, loose drawing that captures movement and energy.
动态速写 - 快速、松散的素描，捕捉动作与能量。
5. Painting Techniques | 绘画技法
Painting techniques describe how paint is applied and layered. Knowing these terms helps you explain your process and experiment with different effects.
绘画技法描述颜料的涂敷和分层方式。了解这些术语有助于你解释自己的创作过程，并尝试不同的效果。
Impasto - applying paint thickly so it stands up from the surface and shows brush or palette knife marks.
厚涂 - 将颜料涂得很厚，使其凸出于画面，并呈现笔触或调色刀痕迹。
Glaze - a thin, transparent layer of paint applied over a dry layer to modify colour and depth.
罩染 - 在已干燥的色层上涂敷的薄而透明的颜料层，以改变颜色和深度。
Wash - a thin, translucent layer of diluted paint, often used in watercolour.
薄涂/水洗 - 稀释颜料的薄而半透明的涂层，常用于水彩。
Dry brush - using a brush with very little paint to create a broken, textured stroke.
干笔 - 用几乎不含颜料的画笔画出断续、有质感的笔触。
Wet-on-wet - applying wet paint onto an already wet surface or paint layer.
湿画法 - 在已经湿润的表面或颜料层上涂敷湿颜料。
Alla prima - a painting completed in one session while the paint is still wet.
一次性画法 - 在颜料未干时于一次作画中完成作品。
Underpainting - the first layer of paint, often monochrome, used as a base for later layers.
底层画 - 第一层绘画，通常为单色，作为后续色层的基础。
6. Printmaking Terms | 版画术语
Printmaking involves transferring an image from a prepared surface onto paper or another material. Accurate vocabulary is vital for describing both process and final print.
版画涉及将图像从处理过的版面转印到纸张或其他材料上。准确的词汇对于描述过程和最终版画都至关重要。
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