📚 IGCSE Cambridge Art: Formula & Principle Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE 剑桥艺术：公式定理速查手册
In IGCSE Cambridge Art & Design (0400), there is no separate theory paper full of maths-style equations, but examiners still assess how well you control visual formulas: colour mixing ratios, tonal value scales, perspective rules, composition grids, and annotation sentence patterns. This guide organises those repeatable tools into a quick-reference handbook for portfolio work and the timed exam.
在 IGCSE 剑桥艺术与设计（0400）中没有充满数学公式的独立理论试卷，但考官仍然评估你对视觉公式的控制能力：调色比例、明度等级、透视规则、构图网格和注释句式。本指南将这些可重复使用的工具整理成速查手册，适用于课程作品集和限时考试。
1. Colour Wheel Formula | 色轮公式
The 12-step colour wheel is built from three primaries: red, yellow and blue. Mixing two primaries produces a secondary colour; mixing a primary with a neighbouring secondary produces a tertiary colour.
十二步色轮由三种原色构成：红、黄、蓝。两种原色混合产生间色；一种原色与相邻间色混合产生复色。
Primary + Primary = Secondary
Primary + Secondary = Tertiary
- Red + Yellow = Orange | 红 + 黄 = 橙
- Yellow + Blue = Green | 黄 + 蓝 = 绿
- Blue + Red = Violet | 蓝 + 红 = 紫
- Complementary colours are opposite on the wheel | 补色位于色轮对面
For IGCSE coursework, label and use the wheel to explain colour decisions in your annotation. For example, red-orange is a tertiary made from red and orange.
在 IGCSE 课程作业中，用色轮标注并解释你在注释中的色彩选择。例如，红橙是由红色与橙色混合而成的复色。
2. Colour Harmony Equations | 色彩和谐方程
Colour schemes are not random. Each harmony follows a simple spatial rule on the colour wheel, and each creates a different mood for your final piece.
配色方案不是随机的。每种和谐关系都遵循色轮上的简单空间规则，并为你的最终作品创造不同的情绪。
- Analogous = three adjacent hues | 类似色 = 相邻三色
- Complementary = two opposite hues | 互补色 = 对角色
- Triadic = three hues spaced 120 degrees apart | 三角色 = 间隔 120 度的三色
- Split-complementary = one hue + two beside its complement | 分裂互补 = 一色 + 补色两侧的两色
A useful balance formula: use about 70% of one dominant colour temperature and 30% accent to avoid visual chaos. Analogous palettes suit calm landscapes, while complementary palettes create high-energy Pop Art effects.
一个有用的平衡公式：使用约 70% 的主色温加上 30% 的强调色，避免视觉混乱。类似色调色板适合平静的风景画，而互补色调色板能创造高能量的波普艺术效果。
Dominant 70% + Accent 30% = Controlled Palette
3. Tonal Value & Contrast Formula | 明度与对比公式
Tone describes how light or dark a surface appears. A 10-step value scale runs from 0 (black) to 10 (white), with mid-grey at 5.
明度描述表面看起来有多亮或多暗。十级明度等级从 0（黑）到 10（白），中灰为 5。
Value Scale: 0 = Black, 5 = Mid-grey, 10 = White
Contrast is the difference between the highest and lowest values in an artwork. Squinting at your subject helps simplify it into large value shapes.
对比度是作品中最高明度与最低明度之间的差值。眯眼观察对象有助于将其简化为大的明暗形状。
Contrast = Highest Value - Lowest Value
Example: a charcoal drawing with values from 2 to 9 has a contrast of 7, which is high and dramatic. A low-contrast study might use only values 5 to 7 for a soft, hazy mood.
示例：一幅炭笔画明度从 2 到 9，对比度为 7，属于高对比、戏剧化效果。低对比习作可能只使用 5 到 7 的明度，表现柔和、朦胧的情绪。
- Chiaroscuro uses a strong light source, core shadow, cast shadow and reflected light.
- 明暗对照法使用强光源、核心阴影、投影和反射光。
- Use at least five value zones in an observational study: highlight, light, mid-tone, core shadow, cast shadow.
- 在观察习作中至少使用五个明度区域：高光、亮部、中间调、核心阴影、投影。
4. Rule of Thirds Grid | 三分法网格
Divide your page or viewfinder into nine equal rectangles using two vertical and two horizontal lines. The four intersections are called power points.
用两条垂直线和两条水平线将纸面或取景框分成九个相等的矩形。四个交点称为视觉焦点。
Grid: 2 vertical lines + 2 horizontal lines = 9 zones
Place the focal point at one intersection rather than dead centre; this creates more dynamic balance and leaves breathing space for movement.
将主体放在其中一个交点而不是正中央；这会创造出更有动感的平衡，并为运动留下呼吸空间。
Rule-of-thirds coordinates are approximately one-third or two-thirds along the width and height. In a portrait, placing an eye at the upper-right intersection often improves the composition.
三分法坐标位于宽度和高度的大约三分之一或三分之二处。在肖像画中，将眼睛放在右上交点通常会改善构图。
5. Golden Ratio & Composition | 黄金比例与构图Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 艺术 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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