📚 IGCSE Cambridge Philosophy: Vocabulary & Terminology Rapid Revision Guide | IGCSE剑桥哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Philosophy is a subject in which precision of language is not a luxury but a necessity. A strong grade depends on your ability to define terms sharply, relate them to arguments and use them accurately under timed conditions. This revision guide condenses the most important IGCSE Cambridge Philosophy vocabulary into quick, memorable explanations with paired Chinese translations.
哲学是一门语言精确性并非奢侈而是必需品的学科。高分取决于你是否能够清晰定义术语、将其与论证联系起来，并在限时条件下准确使用它们。本复习指南将 IGCSE 剑桥哲学最重要的术语浓缩为速记解释，并附有中文对照。
1. How to Use This Guide | 如何使用本指南
This guide is not a dictionary to read once; it is a rapid revision tool. For each term, aim to recall the definition before looking, then connect it to a concrete example and a contrast term.
本指南不是只读一遍的词典，而是快速复习工具。对于每个术语，先尝试回忆定义，再结合具体例子和对比词加深记忆。
Philosophy marking rewards precise use of vocabulary. If you write 'knowledge' where 'justified true belief' is needed, your answer loses focus. Always define key terms in your own words.
哲学评分重视术语的准确使用。如果你在该写“得到辩护的真信念”时只写“知识”，答案就会失焦。一定要用自己的话定义关键词。
Use the three-step drill: say the term, give the sharp definition, then produce one original example. This builds examination fluency.
使用三步训练法：说出术语、给出清晰定义、再举一个原创例子。这能提升考试流畅度。
2. Core Branches of Philosophy | 哲学核心分支
Cambridge IGCSE Philosophy is usually organised around main branches. Knowing the branch helps you select relevant arguments when a question uses abstract terms.
剑桥 IGCSE 哲学通常围绕主要分支组织。了解分支有助于你在题目使用抽象术语时选择相关论证。
Epistemology studies knowledge; metaphysics studies reality; ethics studies right and wrong; logic studies correct reasoning; philosophy of mind studies consciousness and mental states.
认识论研究知识；形而上学研究实在；伦理学研究对与错；逻辑学研究正确推理；心灵哲学研究意识与心理状态。
| Branch 分支 | Core question 核心问题 | Key terms 关键词 |
|---|---|---|
| Epistemology 认识论 | What can I know? | belief, truth, justification, skepticism |
| Metaphysics 形而上学 | What is real? | substance, cause, time, free will |
| Ethics 伦理学 | How should I live? | duty, happiness, virtue, rights |
| Logic 逻辑学 | What follows from what? | premise, conclusion, validity, inference |
| Philosophy of mind 心灵哲学 | What is consciousness? | dualism, physicalism, qualia |
3. Arguments: Premise, Conclusion, Inference | 论证：前提、结论与推理
In philosophy, an argument is a set of statements where some statements, the premises, are offered as reasons to support another statement, the conclusion. It is not a quarrel.
在哲学中，论证是一组陈述，其中一些陈述即前提被用来支持另一个陈述即结论。它不是争吵。
A premise is a reason; the conclusion is the claim being argued for. Inference is the move or logical link from premises to conclusion.
前提是理由；结论是被论证的主张。推理是从前提到结论的移动或逻辑联系。
Classic example: Premise 1: All humans are mortal. Premise 2: Socrates is a human. Conclusion: Therefore Socrates is mortal.
经典例子：前提1：所有人都会死。前提2：苏格拉底是人。结论：所以苏格拉底会死。
When reading an exam question, underline indicator words: 'since', 'because', 'therefore', 'hence', 'thus'. These signal premises and conclusion.
阅读考题时，在提示词下划线：'因为'、'所以'、
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