📚 IGCSE CCEA PE: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
This guide groups the most tested CCEA IGCSE Physical Education terms by topic and gives you a memory hook for each one. It is designed for quick revision before topic tests and the final paper.
本指南按主题整理 CCEA IGCSE 体育中最常考查的术语，并为每个术语提供记忆线索。它专为单元测验和期末试卷前的快速复习而设计。
1. Skeletal System Key Terms | 骨骼系统核心术语
These terms appear in labelling, matching and short-answer questions. Focus on the difference between a ligament and a tendon, because CCEA often asks about this directly.
这些术语出现在标注、配对和简答题中。重点区分韧带和肌腱，因为 CCEA 经常直接考查这一区别。
| Term | 中文 | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Skeleton | 骨骼 | A living frame that supports and protects organs. |
| Long bone | 长骨 | Longer than wide; acts as a lever, e.g. femur. |
| Short bone | 短骨 | Small and cube-shaped; e.g. carpals in the wrist. |
| Flat bone | 扁骨 | Thin, protective plates; e.g. cranium. |
| Irregular bone | 不规则骨 | Complex shape; e.g. vertebrae. |
| Joint | 关节 | Where two or more bones meet. |
| Ligament | 韧带 | Links bone to bone. |
| Tendon | 肌腱 | Tugs muscle to bone. |
| Cartilage | 软骨 | Smooth cushion that reduces friction. |
| Synovial fluid | 滑液 | Slippery oil inside the joint capsule. |
A quick check: if a structure joins bone to bone, it is a ligament; if it joins muscle to bone, it is a tendon. Flexion always reduces the angle at a joint.
快速检验：如果结构连接骨与骨，就是韧带；如果连接肌肉与骨，就是肌腱。屈曲总是减小关节角度。
2. Muscular System Key Terms | 肌肉系统核心术语
Muscle terminology is essential for explaining movement, contraction types and adaptation to training. Learn the three contraction types first, then link them to sport examples.
肌肉术语对于解释动作、收缩类型和训练适应至关重要。先掌握三种收缩类型，再把它们与运动实例联系起来。
| Term | 中文 | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle fibre | 肌纤维 | A single muscle cell. |
| Slow-twitch fibre (Type I) | 慢肌纤维 | Fatigue-resistant, used in endurance. |
| Fast-twitch fibre (Type II) | 快肌纤维 | Powerful, but fatigues quickly. |
| Agonist | 主动肌 | Prime mover that contracts to create movement. |
| Antagonist | 拮抗肌 | Relaxes to allow the agonist to work. |
| Isometric contraction | 等长收缩 | Tension with no change in muscle length. |
| Isotonic contraction | 等张收缩 | Tension with movement; includes concentric and eccentric. |
| Concentric contraction | 向心收缩 | Muscle shortens under tension, e.g. upward phase of a bicep curl. |
| Eccentric contraction | 离心收缩 | Muscle lengthens under tension, e.g. lowering phase. |
| Hypertrophy | 肌肉肥大 | Increase in muscle size from progressive overload. |
During elbow flexion, the biceps brachii is the agonist and the triceps brachii is the antagonist. Isometric means same length, while isotonic means same tension but changing length.
在肘关节屈曲时，肱二头肌是主动肌，肱三头肌是拮抗肌。等长收缩指长度不变，而等张收缩指张力不变但长度改变。
3. Cardiovascular and Respiratory Terms | 心血管与呼吸系统术语
Cardiorespiratory terms explain how oxygen is delivered to working muscles. Be ready to interpret data on heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output.
心血管和呼吸术语解释氧气如何被输送到工作肌肉。要准备好解读心率、每搏输出量和心输出量的数据。
| Term | 中文 | Memory Hook |
|---|---|---|
| Heart rate | 心率 | Number of beats per minute. |
| Stroke volume | 每搏输出量 | Volume of blood pumped out per beat. |
| Cardiac output | 心输出量 | Volume of blood pumped per minute. |
| Aerobic exercise | 有氧运动 | Uses oxygen to release energy over a sustained period. |
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