📚 IGCSE CCEA Physical Education: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE CCEA 体育：核心知识点梳理
This revision guide brings together the core knowledge areas tested in CCEA Physical Education. It is organised into eleven sections covering body systems, fitness, training, skill, psychology, nutrition, injury and socio-cultural factors.
本复习指南汇集 CCEA 体育学科考查的核心知识领域，按照身体系统、体适能、训练、技能、心理、营养、损伤和社会文化因素分为十一个小节，帮助你系统复习。
1. Health, Fitness and Well-being | 健康、体适能与幸福
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, not just the absence of disease. Fitness is the ability to meet the demands of the environment. Well-being includes feeling content, managing stress and having a sense of purpose.
健康是身体、心理和社会适应的完好状态，而不仅仅是没有疾病。体适能是满足环境需求的能力。幸福包括感到满足、能应对压力并拥有目标感。
Health-related fitness components support everyday health and reduce disease risk. Skill-related fitness components underpin successful sports performance. Both are needed for a balanced active lifestyle.
健康相关体适能支撑日常健康并降低疾病风险，技能相关体适能则支撑运动表现。两者对均衡的积极生活方式都必不可少。
2. The Skeletal System | 骨骼系统
The skeleton provides support, protection of vital organs, movement through joints, blood cell production and mineral storage. Key bones include the cranium, clavicle, scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula and vertebrae.
骨骼具有支撑、保护重要器官、通过关节实现运动、造血和储存矿物质等功能。主要骨骼包括颅骨、锁骨、肩胛骨、肱骨、桡骨、尺骨、骨盆、股骨、髌骨、胫骨、腓骨和椎骨。
Synovial joints allow movement. Ball-and-socket joints such as the hip and shoulder allow movement in many directions. Hinge joints such as the elbow and knee allow flexion and extension only.
滑膜关节允许运动。髋关节和肩关节等球窝关节可在多个方向运动；肘关节和膝关节等铰链关节只允许屈曲和伸展。
Joint movement terms include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction. Understanding these helps analyse performance in activities such as kicking, throwing and swimming.
关节运动术语包括屈曲、伸展、外展、内收、旋转和环转。理解这些术语有助于分析踢球、投掷和游泳等动作表现。
3. The Muscular System | 肌肉系统
There are three muscle types: skeletal muscle for voluntary movement, cardiac muscle in the heart, and smooth muscle in organs. Skeletal muscles work in pairs across joints to produce movement.
肌肉分为三种类型：骨骼肌负责随意运动，心肌位于心脏，平滑肌分布于内脏器官。骨骼肌跨关节成对工作产生运动。
The agonist is the muscle that contracts to create movement; the antagonist relaxes to allow the movement. For example, during elbow flexion the biceps is the agonist and the triceps is
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