📚 Simple Harmonic Motion for CCEA A-Level Physics | CCEA A-Level 物理:简谐运动 考点精讲
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) lies at the heart of CCEA A-Level Physics, providing the theoretical framework for oscillatory systems ranging from clock pendulums to vibrations in molecules. A confident grasp of SHM requires combining kinematic descriptions with dynamic principles, energy analysis and an understanding of how resonance arises.
简谐运动(SHM)是CCEA A-Level物理的核心内容,为从钟摆到分子振动的各种振荡系统提供了理论框架。要扎实掌握简谐运动,需要将运动学描述与动力学原理、能量分析以及对共振如何产生的理解结合起来。
1. Defining Simple Harmonic Motion | 简谐运动的定义
nd is always directed towards that equilibrium. In scalar form the condition is a ∝ −x, and the defining equation is a = −ω² x, where ω is the angular frequency.
当物体的加速度与它偏离固定平衡位置的位移成正比,并且始终指向该平衡位置时,物体做简谐运动。标量形式可表示为 a ∝ −x,其定义方程为 a = −ω² x,其中 ω 是角频率。
sufficient condition for SHM is the presence of a linear restoring force that obeys Hooke' (constant) × x will oscillate sinusoidally with a characteristic natural frequency.
简谐运动的充分必要条件是存在一个线性回复力,在小位移下满足胡克定律,例如 F = −kx。任何满足 a = − (常数) × x 的系统都将以固有的自然频率做正弦振荡。
a = − ω² x
2. The Equations of SHM | 简谐运动的基本方程
a sine or cosine function. The most common representation is x = A sin(ωt + φ). Velocity is the first derivative: v = dx/dt = ωA cos(ωt + φ). The acceleration follows as a = d²x/dt² = −ω² A sin(ωt + φ) = −ω² x.
对于一个振幅为 A、角频率为 ω、初相为 φ 的振子,t 时刻的位移可用正弦或余弦函数表示,最常见的形式为 x = A sin(ωt + φ)。速度是一阶导数:v = dx/dt = ωA cos(ωt + φ)。加速度则为 d²x/dt² = −ω² A sin(ωt + φ) = −ω² x。
; x²). The maximum speed occurs as the particle passes through equilibrium (x = 0): vmax ωA. The maximum acceleration occurs at the extremes of the motion (x = ±A): amax ²A. The period T and frequency f are linked to ω by ω = 2πf = 2π/T.
在许多考题中,用位移表示速率更为方便:v = ± ω √(A² − x²)。最大速率出现在振子经过平衡位置时 (x = 0):vmax = ωA。最大加速度出现在运动的两端 (x = ±A):amax = ω²A。周期 T 和频率 f 与 ω 的关系为 ω = 2πf = 2π/T。
p; v = ± ω √(A² − x²) a = −ω² x
3. Displacement–Time and Velocity–Time Graphs | 位移–时间与速度–时间图像
The displacement– ent (x = +A) the graph is a cosine wave. CCEA questions often ask you to sketch or interpret these curves and to identify key points.
对于从平衡位置开始且初相为零的振子,位移–时间图像是一条正弦曲线。若运动从最大正位移处 (x = +A) 开始,则图像为余弦曲线。CCEA考题经常要求你画出或解读这些曲线并识别关键点。
The velocity– entarily zero; when the oscillator sweeps through the equilibrium position, the speed is greatest. The acceleration– ys opposite in sign to the displacement, illustrating a = −ω² x directly.
速度–时间图像超前位移图像四分之一周期(相位差为 π/2)。当位移最大时,速度瞬时为零;当振子经过平衡位置时,速率最大。加速度–时间图像总是与位移符号相反,直接体现出 a = −ω² x 的关系。
4. Acceleration in SHM | 简谐运动中的加速度
The
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