📚 IGCSE CCEA Politics: Key Terms Quick Revision Guide | IGCSE CCEA 政治：词汇术语速记指南
Effective revision in politics begins with a secure grasp of specialist vocabulary. This guide condenses the key terms you are most likely to meet in the CCEA IGCSE Politics course, with memory-friendly explanations and Chinese translations to speed up recall.
高效的政治复习始于对专业词汇的牢固掌握。本指南浓缩了 CCEA IGCSE 政治课程中最常见的核心术语，并配以易于记忆的解释和中文翻译，帮助你快速回顾。
1. Core Concepts of Democracy | 民主核心概念
Democracy means 'rule by the people'. In a representative democracy, citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf, whereas direct democracy involves citizens voting on issues themselves.
民主意为 "人民统治"。在代议制民主中，公民选举代表代其作出决策；而在直接民主中，公民本人就议题进行投票。
Legitimacy is the right and acceptance of an authority to govern. A government gains legitimacy through free and fair elections, consent and respect for the rule of law.
合法性是指一个权威进行统治的权利和被接受程度。政府通过自由公正的选举、民众同意以及对法治的尊重获得合法性。
Sovereignty means supreme legal authority within a territory. In the UK context, parliamentary sovereignty means Parliament can make or repeal any law, although this has been limited by devolution and EU membership debates.
主权指一个领土内的最高法律权威。在英国语境下，议会主权意味着议会可以制定或废除任何法律，尽管权力下放和欧盟成员身份争论对此有所限制。
The rule of law holds that everyone, including government officials, is subject to the law. It requires clear laws, fair trials and no arbitrary punishment.
法治主张包括政府官员在内的所有人都受法律约束。它要求明确的法律、公正审判以及无任意惩罚。
2. The State and Government | 国家与政府
The state is the permanent set of institutions that govern a territory: the legislature, executive, judiciary, police and armed forces. The government is the temporary group of politicians who run the state at a given time.
国家是治理某一领土的常设机构总和：立法机关、行政机关、司法机关、警察和武装力量。政府是在特定时期管理国家的临时政治人物群体。
A nation is a group of people who share identity, culture, language or history and often seek self-government. A state and a nation do not always overlap, as seen in Northern Ireland's divided identities.
民族是一群因认同、文化、语言或历史而联系在一起、并往往寻求自治的人。国家与民族并不总是重合，北爱尔兰分裂的身份认同就是例证。
The civil service is the politically neutral body of officials that implements government policy. Civil servants are appointed on merit, not elected, and they remain in post when governments change.
公务员系统是执行政府政策的政治中立官员机构。公务员按功绩任命而非选举产生，政府更迭时他们继续留任。
3. Constitution and Separation of Powers | 宪法与权力分立
A constitution is the set of rules that establishes how a country is governed. It allocates power, sets out rights and limits the actions of government. Codified constitutions are written in one document, while uncodified constitutions are spread across statutes, conventions and court rulings.
宪法是确立国家治理方式的一套规则。它分配权力、规定权利并限制政府行为。成文宪法写在一部文件中，不成文宪法则分散于法规、惯例和法院判决之中。
The separation of powers divides government into three branches: the legislature makes law, the executive implements law, and the judiciary interprets law. This prevents power from being concentrated in one body.
权力分立将政府分为三个分支：立法机关制定法律，行政机关执行法律，司法机关解释法律。这防止权力集中于一个机构。
Checks and balances are mechanisms by which each branch can limit the others. For example, courts can review executive action, and parliament can scrutinise government through questions and committees.
制衡是每个分支能够限制其他分支的机制。例如，法院可以审查行政行为，议会可以通过质询和委员会监督政府。
4. Legislature, Executive and Judiciary | 立法、行政与司法
The legislature is the law-making body. In the UK, Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In Northern Ireland, the Assembly is unicameral.
立法机关是制定法律的机构。在英国，议会是两院制，由上议院和下议院组成。在北爱尔兰，议会是一院制。
The executive is the branch responsible for policy and administration. It includes the Prime Minister or First Minister, cabinet ministers and government departments. Cabinet collective responsibility requires ministers to publicly support agreed policy.
行政机关是负责政策和行政的分支。它包括首相或首席部长、内阁大臣和政府各部门。内阁集体责任制要求大臣公开支持已商定的政策。
The judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law. Judicial independence means judges are free from political interference, protected by security of tenure and an independent appointments process.
司法机关是解释和适用法律的法院系统。司法独立意味着法官不受政治干预，受到任期保障和独立任命程序的保护。
5. Electoral Systems | 选举制度
First-past-the-post (FPTP) is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins. It tends to produce strong majority government but can distort the share of seats relative to votes.
简单多数制（FPTP）是一种选举制度，在每个选区得票最多的候选人获胜。它往往产生强多数政府，但会使席位份额相对于得票率出现偏差。
Proportional representation (PR) aims to match the percentage of seats a party wins to its percentage of votes. The Single Transferable Vote (STV) is a form of PR used in Northern Ireland Assembly elections, where voters rank candidates in order of preference.
比例代表制（PR）旨在使政党赢得的席位比例与其得票比例相匹配。单一可转移投票制（STV）是北爱尔兰议会选举所采用的一种比例代表制，选民按偏好顺序排列候选人。
Suffrage is the right to vote. The franchise has expanded over time to include working-class men, women and 18-year-olds. Voter turnout measures the proportion of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot.
选举权是投票的权利。选举权范围随时间扩大，逐步涵盖工人阶级男性、妇女和18岁公民。投票率衡量有资格投票者中实际投票的比例。
6. Political Parties and Party Systems | 政党与政党制度
A political party is an organised group that seeks to win power, form government or influence policy. Parties produce a manifesto outlining their policies before an election.
政党是有组织的团体，旨在赢得权力、组建政府或影响政策。政党在选举前发布宣言，概述其政策。
Left-wing parties generally support greater equality, state intervention and public ownership. Right-wing parties generally support lower taxation, free markets and individual responsibility.
左翼政党通常支持更大的平等、国家干预和公有制。右翼政党通常支持低税收、自由市场和个人责任。
A coalition government is formed when two or more parties agree to govern together because no single party has a majority. A minority government is a single-party government that lacks an overall majority and relies on support from others.
联合政府是在没有单一政党获得多数席位时，由两个或更多政党协议共同执政的政府。少数政府是未获得总体多数、依赖其他政党支持的单一政党政府。
7. Pressure Groups and Lobbying | 压力集团与游说
A pressure group is an organisation that tries to influence government policy without standing for election. Sectional groups represent a particular section of society, such as trade unions, while promotional groups campaign for a cause, such as environmental protection.
压力集团是试图影响政府政策但不参加选举的组织。界别团体代表社会某一特定群体，如工会；而倡导型团体为某项事业而活动，如环境保护。
Insider groups are regularly consulted by government and work within established channels. Outsider groups are not routinely consulted and may use direct action, petitions or media campaigns to gain attention.
圈内集团经常受到政府咨询，并在既有渠道内活动。圈外集团不常被咨询，可能通过直接行动、请愿或媒体活动来获得关注。
Lobbying is the process of attempting to persuade decision-makers, such as ministers or MLAs, to support a particular policy. It can be conducted by professional lobbyists, charities or businesses.
游说是试图说服决策者（如大臣或北爱尔兰议会议员）支持某一特定政策的过程。它可以由专业说客、慈善组织或企业进行。
8. Devolution and Northern Ireland Government | 权力下放与北爱尔兰政府
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from central government to regional or national bodies. In Northern Ireland, the Northern Ireland Assembly at Stormont has legislative power over transferred matters such as education, health and agriculture.
权力下放是将某些权力从中央政府转移到地区或民族机构。在北爱尔兰，斯托蒙特的北爱尔兰议会对教育、卫生和农业等已移交事项拥有立法权。
Reserved matters are those retained by the UK Parliament but which may be transferred later, such as policing and justice in Northern Ireland. Excepted matters remain permanently with Westminster, such as international relations and defence.
保留事项是英国议会保留但以后可能移交的事项，如北爱尔兰的警务与司法。例外事项则永久保留在威斯敏斯特，如国际关系和防务。
Power-sharing is a central feature of the Good Friday Agreement. It requires unionist and nationalist parties to share executive office, with the First Minister and deputy First Minister jointly leading the Executive.
权力共享是 "贝尔法斯特协议" 的核心特征。它要求联合派与民族派政党共同执掌行政权，首席部长和副首席部长共同领导北爱尔兰行政院。
Consociationalism is the theory behind this arrangement: it uses grand coalition, proportionality, mutual veto and segmental autonomy to manage deeply divided societies.
协商民主制是这种安排背后的理论：它通过大联合政府、比例分配、相互否决和群体自治来管理深度分裂的社会。
9. Rights, Responsibilities and Citizenship | 权利、责任与公民身份
Human rights are universal entitlements that belong to every person, regardless of nationality. The European Convention on Human Rights protects rights such as life, liberty and a fair trial, and is incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act
Published by TutorHao | IGCSE 政治 Revision Series | aleveler.com
更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
或截图后用「扫一扫 → 相册」选择本图