📚 IGCSE WJEC Media Studies Glossary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | IGCSE WJEC 媒体词汇术语速记指南
This guide groups the most frequently examined WJEC IGCSE Media Studies terms into logical clusters: media language, camerawork, editing, sound, mise-en-scène, narrative, audience, representation, genre, institution and new media. Each section gives a quick definition and a memory hook so you can move from recognition to confident exam use.
本指南将 WJEC IGCSE 媒体研究考试中最常出现的术语按逻辑分组：媒体语言、镜头、剪辑、声音、场面调度、叙事、受众、表征、类型、机构与新媒体。每一节提供简洁定义和记忆钩子，帮助你从认识术语进阶到在考试中自信运用。
1. Media Language & Semiotics | 媒体语言与符号学
Media language is the system of codes, conventions and signs that producers use to communicate meaning. Semiotics, developed from Saussure and Peirce, splits a sign into two parts: the signifier (what you see or hear) and the signified (the mental concept). In the exam, always label denotation first, then explain connotation.
媒体语言是生产者用来传达意义的符码、惯例和符号系统。符号学源自索绪尔和皮尔斯，将符号分为能指（你看到或听到的形式）和所指（心理概念）。考试中先指出外延，再解释内涵。
| Term | English meaning | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|
| Signifier / Signified | Physical form vs the concept it creates | 形式 vs 概念 |
| Denotation / Connotation | Literal meaning vs associated cultural meaning | 字面义 vs 联想义 |
| Icon / Index / Symbol | Resemblance / causal link / learned rule | 相似 / 因果 / 规约 |
| Code / Convention | Shared rule system / expected practice | 规则系统 / 惯例 |
| Anchorage | Text, such as a caption, that fixes meaning of an image | 锚定图像意义 |
| Preferred reading | Meaning the producer intends | 首选解读 |
| Polysemy | Many possible meanings in one text | 多义性 |
2. Camera Shots, Angles & Movement | 镜头景别、角度与运动
Camera terminology is vital for textual analysis. Name the shot size, then state its function: a close-up reveals emotion; a low angle suggests power. Always connect the camera choice to audience response or representation.
镜头术语对文本分析至关重要。先说出景别名称，再说明其功能：特写揭示情绪；仰角暗示权力。始终将镜头选择与受众反应或表征联系起来。
| Term | English meaning | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|
| Establishing shot | Wide shot that sets the scene | 定场镜头 |
| Long shot / Wide shot | Shows full body or setting | 远景/广角 |
| Medium shot | Waist-up framing, often for dialogue | 中景 |
| Close-up / Extreme close-up | Face or detail fills the frame to show emotion | 特写/大特写 |
| High angle / Low angle | Camera above/below subject to suggest vulnerability/power | 俯角/仰角 |
| Over-the-shoulder shot | Frames a conversation from behind one character | 过肩镜头 |
| Point-of-view shot | Camera acts as a character's eyes | 主观镜头 |
| Pan / Tilt / Tracking / Crane | Horizontal, vertical, dolly or crane camera movement | 摇镜/俯仰/推轨/升降 |
| Handheld | Shaky camera, often for realism or urgency | 手持镜头 |
| Zoom vs dolly | Lens zooms in vs camera physically moves | 变焦 vs 推轨 |
3. Editing & Continuity | 剪辑与连贯性
Editing controls time, pace and meaning. Continuity editing hides cuts so the story feels smooth; montage draws attention to edits to create meaning through juxtaposition. Key ideas include shot duration, transitions and the 180-degree rule.
剪辑控制时间、节奏与意义。连贯性剪辑隐藏剪切点，使故事显得流畅；蒙太奇通过并置引起对剪辑的注意并创造意义。关键概念包括镜头时长、转场和 180 度规则。
| Term | English meaning | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|
| Cut | Instant change from one shot to another | 剪切 |
| Continuity editing | Seamless editing that maintains time and space | 连贯性剪辑 |
| Montage | Rapid sequence of shots to condense time or create meaning | 蒙太奇 |
| Match on action | Cut between shots continuing the same movement | 动作匹配 |
| Shot/reverse shot | Dialogue sequence alternating between speakers | 正反打 |
| Eyeline match | Cut to what a character is looking at | 视线匹配 |
| Cross-cutting / Parallel editing | Cutting between two scenes happening at the same time | 交叉/平行剪辑 |
| Dissolve / Fade / Wipe | Transition types: blend, black screen, push across | 叠化/淡入淡出/划像 |
| 180-degree rule | Keep camera on one side of action to avoid confusing flip | 180度规则 |
| Jump cut | Abrupt edit that breaks continuity | 跳切 |
| Long take | Uninterrupted shot of long duration | 长镜头 |
4. Sound Terminology | 声音术语
Sound shapes meaning as much as image. Distinguish diegetic sound (inside the story world) from non-diegetic sound, such as a film score. Also consider on-screen and off-screen sound, sound bridges and sound perspective. When analysing, say what the sound adds: tension, realism, emotion or character information.
声音对意义的塑造不亚于画面。区分剧情内声音（故事世界中的声音）与非剧情声音，如配乐。还要考虑画内与画外声音、声音桥和声音透视。分析时要说明声音增加了什么：紧张感、真实感、情绪或人物信息。
| Term | English meaning | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|
| Diegetic sound | Sound from inside the story world, e.g. dialogue, rain | 剧情内声音 |
| Non-diegetic sound | Sound added for audience only, e.g. score, voiceover | 非剧情声音 |
| Ambient sound | Background noise that creates atmosphere | 环境声 |
| Sound effects (SFX) | Added sounds to make action seem real | 音效 |
| Score / Soundtrack | Musical accompaniment that guides emotion | 配乐/原声带 |
| Sound bridge | Sound carries across a cut to link scenes | 声音桥 |
| Voiceover | Narrator speaks over the image | 旁白 |
| Synchronous / Asynchronous | Sound matches action / does not match visible source | 同步/非同步声 |
| Foley | Everyday sounds recreated in studio, e.g. footsteps | 拟音 |
5. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度
Mise-en-scène means everything placed in front of the camera: setting, props, costume, hair and make-up, lighting, colour, figure expression and movement, and composition. It is a favourite WJEC analysis area because every choice can represent a character, time, place or theme.
场面调度指镜头前的一切安排：场景、道具、服装、发型与化妆、灯光、色彩、人物表情与动作以及构图。这是 WJEC 偏爱的分析领域，因为每一个选择都能表征人物、时代、地点或主题。
| Term | English meaning | 中文速记 |
|---|---|---|
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