📚 IGCSE WJEC Media Studies: Core Knowledge Checklist | IGCSE WJEC 媒体：核心知识点梳理
This revision checklist summarises the core knowledge needed for the IGCSE WJEC Media Studies course. It covers media language, representation, audience, institution, and key exam skills, with clear bilingual explanations for quick review.
这份复习清单总结了 IGCSE WJEC 媒体研究课程所需的核心知识点，涵盖媒体语言、表征、受众、机构以及关键的考试技巧，以中英双语解释便于快速复习。
1. Media Language: Signs and Codes | 媒体语言：符号与代码
In media studies, 'media language' refers to the technical, symbolic, and written tools producers use to communicate meaning. Semiotics, the study of signs, examines how a signifier (the form: word, image, sound) links to a signified (the concept or idea). A sign can be iconic, indexical, or symbolic depending on how meaning is attached to it.
在媒体研究中，"媒体语言"指制作者用来传达意义的技术、象征和文字工具。符号学研究符号如何将能指（形式：词汇、图像、声音）与所指（概念或观念）联系起来。符号根据意义附着方式的不同，可分为图像符号、指示符号或象征符号。
When analysing any media product, look for codes: technical codes (camera work, editing, lighting), symbolic codes (colour, costume, setting, body language), and written codes (headlines, captions, typography). Denotation is the literal meaning, while connotation is the deeper cultural or emotional association.
分析任何媒体产品时，要寻找代码：技术代码（镜头、剪辑、灯光）、象征代码（色彩、服装、场景、肢体语言）和书面代码（标题、图说、字体排版）。明示义是字面意义，而隐含义是更深层的文化或情感联想。
- Denotation - literal, dictionary meaning | 明示义 - 字面的、字典中的含义
- Connotation - associated cultural meaning | 隐含义 - 相关的文化意义
- Anchorage - text fixing preferred meaning | 锚定 - 文字固定优先意义
2. Camerawork and Composition | 镜头运用与构图
Camerawork shapes how audiences see characters and settings. Shot sizes range from extreme close-up (ECU) to extreme long shot (ELS), each creating a different level of intimacy or context. Camera angles, such as a low angle, can make a subject look powerful, while a high angle can make them appear vulnerable.
镜头运用决定观众如何看到人物和场景。景别从大特写（ECU）到远景（ELS），每种景别创造不同程度的亲密感或环境信息。镜头角度，如仰拍，可以使被摄主体看起来强大，而俯拍可以使其显得脆弱。
Composition rules, including the rule of thirds, leading lines, and framing, guide the viewer's eye and create meaning. Camera movement such as pan, tilt, track, and crane adds dynamism or reveals narrative information.
构图规则，包括三分法、引导线和框架式构图，引导观众视线并创造意义。镜头运动如摇镜、俯仰、推轨和升降镜头增加动感或揭示叙事信息。
- ECU extreme close-up | 大特写 - 眼睛等局部
- MS medium shot | 中景 - 腰部以上
- LS long shot | 远景 - 全身与环境
- Low angle | 仰拍 - 显得强大
- High angle | 俯拍 - 显得弱小
3. Editing and Sound | 剪辑与声音
Editing controls time, pace, and spatial relationships in a moving image product. Continuity editing creates a seamless flow through techniques like match on action, shot/reverse shot, and the 180-degree rule. Montage can condense time or create meaning through juxtaposition.
剪辑控制动态影像产品中的时间、节奏和空间关系。连续性剪辑通过动作衔接、正反打镜头和 180 度轴线规则创造流畅叙事。蒙太奇可以通过并置压缩时间或创造意义。
Sound is divided into diegetic sound (inside the story world, such as dialogue and footsteps) and non-diegetic sound (outside the story world, such as a film score). Sound bridges, voiceovers, and sound effects guide emotion and narrative understanding.
声音分为剧情内声音（故事世界内部的声音，如对话和脚步声）和剧情外声音（故事世界外部的声音，如电影配乐）。声音桥接、旁白和音效引导情感和叙事理解。
- Continuity editing | 连续性剪辑 - 隐形剪辑
- Montage | 蒙太奇 - 压缩时间/并置意义
- Diegetic | 剧情内声音 - 角色可听到
- Non-diegetic | 剧情外声音 - 只有观众可听到
4. Representation and Stereotypes | 表征与刻板印象
Representation is not a mirror of reality; it is a constructed version of people, places, events, and ideas. Producers select and omit details, use media language, and encode particular viewpoints. A stereotype is a repeated, simplified representation that reduces a group to a few characteristics.
表征不是现实的镜子，而是对人物、地点、事件和
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