📚 IGCSE WJEC Physical Education: Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | IGCSE WJEC 体育：词汇术语速记指南
In WJEC IGCSE Physical Education, marks are won or lost on precise terminology. This guide groups the most examined terms into eleven quick-revision sections, with clear definitions, examples and memory hooks.
在 WJEC IGCSE 体育考试中，分数往往取决于术语是否准确。本指南把最高频考点术语分为十一个速记小节，配以清晰的定义、示例和记忆钩子。
1. Skeletal System and Joints | 骨骼系统与关节
The skeleton has five main functions: support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell production. Use the phrase "Some People Move More Bones" to remember them.
骨骼有五大功能：支持、保护、运动、矿物质储存和血细胞生成。可用英文口诀 "Some People Move More Bones" 来记忆。
| Term | 中文 | Exam-ready definition | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|---|
| Synovial joint | 滑膜关节 | A freely movable joint enclosed in a capsule filled with synovial fluid. | Synovial sounds like slippery oil. |
| Ligament | 韧带 | Tough band joining bone to bone and stabilising a joint. | Ligament links bone to bone. |
| Tendon | 肌腱 | Connective tissue joining muscle to bone. | Tendon tugs bone. |
| Cartilage | 软骨 | Smooth tissue covering bone ends and absorbing shock. | Cartilage cushions. |
| Synovial fluid | 滑液 | Oily fluid that lubricates a synovial joint. | Lubricates like oil. |
For movement analysis, classify joints into hinge (elbow, knee), ball-and-socket (shoulder, hip), pivot (neck), condyloid (wrist), gliding (carpals, tarsals) and saddle (thumb).
运动分析时，关节可分为铰链关节（肘、膝）、球窝关节（肩、髋）、枢轴关节（颈部）、髁状关节（腕）、滑动关节（腕骨、跗骨）和鞍状关节（拇指）。
The hinge joint permits flexion and extension, while the ball-and-socket joint permits the widest range of movement including rotation. Ligaments join bone to bone, tendons join muscle to bone, and cartilage cushions the bone ends.
铰链关节允许屈伸，球窝关节允许包括旋转在内的最大活动范围。韧带连接骨与骨，肌腱连接肌肉与骨，软骨缓冲骨端。
2. Muscular System and Movement | 肌肉系统与运动
Muscles work in pairs across joints. The agonist contracts to create movement, the antagonist relaxes, the fixator stabilises the origin, and the synergist helps refine the movement.
肌肉跨关节成对工作。主动肌收缩产生动作，拮抗肌放松，固定肌稳定起点，协同肌帮助精细调控动作。
| Term | 中文 | Quick definition | Memory hook |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agonist | 主动肌 | The muscle that contracts to cause movement. | Agonist is active. |
| Antagonist | 拮抗肌 | The muscle that relaxes to allow movement. | Antagonist is asleep. |
| Fixator | 固定肌 | A muscle that stabilises the joint or origin. | Fixator fixes position. |
| Synergist | 协同肌 | A muscle that assists the agonist. | Synergist supports. |
| Isometric contraction | 等长收缩 | Muscle tension rises but length stays the same. | Iso = same length. |
| Isotonic contraction | 等张收缩 | Muscle length changes
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