📚 IGCSE WJEC Music: Key Facts and Formulae Quick Reference Handbook | IGCSE WJEC 音乐：公式定理速查手册
This quick reference handbook collects the essential facts, intervals, chord formulas, cadence patterns and key terms needed for the IGCSE WJEC Music examination. Use it to check note values, identify keys and intervals, build chords, name cadences and decode Italian performance directions under timed conditions.
本速查手册汇总了 IGCSE WJEC 音乐考试所需的核心要点、音程、和弦公式、终止式类型以及常用音乐术语。它帮助你快速核对音符时值、识别调号与音程、构建和弦、判断终止式，并在限时条件下准确解读意大利语演奏记号。
1. Note Values and Rests | 音符与休止符时值
Know the basic note tree for WJEC rhythmic dictation and notation questions. A semibreve lasts four crotchet beats, a minim lasts two, a crotchet lasts one, a quaver lasts half a crotchet beat, and a semiquaver lasts one quarter of a crotchet beat. A breve, printed as a rectangle with two vertical stems, is worth eight crotchet beats, and a demisemiquaver is worth one eighth of a crotchet beat.
掌握 WJEC 节奏听写与记谱题中的基本音符时值。全音符等于四个四分音符，二分音符等于两个四分音符，四分音符为一拍，八分音符为半拍，十六分音符为四分之一拍。倍全音符（写作带两条竖线的矩形符头）等于八拍四分音符，三十二分音符则为八分之一拍。
1 semibreve = 2 minims = 4 crotchets = 8 quavers = 16 semiquavers = 32 demisemiquavers
A dot after a note adds half of its original value. A tie joins two notes of the same pitch and adds their values without re-striking the second note. Rests use the same proportional values: semibreve rest, minim rest, crotchet rest, quaver rest and semiquaver rest.
附点音符增加原时值的一半。延音线连接两个同音高的音符，将时值相加且第二个音不重新发声。休止符按相同比例划分：全休止符、二分休止符、四分休止符、八分休止符和十六分休止符。
| Note (English) | 中文名称 | Crotchet beats | 拍数 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Breve | 倍全音符 | 8 | 8 拍 |
| Semibreve | 全音符 | 4 | 4 拍 |
| Minim | 二分音符 | 2 | 2 拍 |
| Crotchet | 四分音符 | 1 | 1 拍 |
| Quaver | 八分音符 | ½ | ½ 拍 |
| Semiquaver | 十六分音符 | ¼ | ¼ 拍 |
| Demisemiquaver | 三十二分音符 | ⅛ | ⅛ 拍 |
2. Dotted Notes, Ties and Tuplets | 附点音符、延音线与连音组合
A dot always multiplies the note value by one and a half. A second dot adds a further quarter of the original value, so a double-dotted note is worth 1.75 times the plain note. A dotted minim therefore lasts three crotchet beats, a dotted crotchet lasts one and a half beats, and a dotted quaver lasts three quarters of a beat.
附点永远把音符时值乘以 1.5。第二个附点再加原时值的四分之一，因此双附点音符等于原音符的 1.75 倍。附点二分音符为三拍四分音符，附点四分音符为一拍半，附点八分音符为四分之三拍。
Dotted value = original value × 1.5 = original value + ½ original value
A tie and a slur look identical but do different jobs. A tie joins two notes of the same pitch into one longer sound; a slur tells the performer to play or sing a group of different notes smoothly (legato). In WJEC notation questions, check the pitches before you decide which one you are looking at.
延音线与连音线符号相同但功能不同。延音线把两个同音高的音连成一个更长的音；连音线要求演奏者或演唱者把一组不同音高的音圆滑地奏出或唱出（legato）。在 WJEC 记谱题中，先看清音高是否相同，再判断属于哪一种。
A triplet squeezes three notes into the time normally taken by two. The quaver triplet therefore fills one crotchet beat, and the crotchet triplet fills one minim. A duplet does the reverse in compound time: two notes in the time of three. Quadruplets and quintuplets appear occasionally in twentieth-century and film scores.
三连音把三个音塞进原本两个音所占的时值里。因此八分三连音填满一拍四分音符，四分三连音填满一个二分音符。二连音在复拍子中作用相反：用两个音取代三个音。四连音、五连音偶尔出现在二十世纪作品与电影配乐中。
Each note of a triplet = original value × ⅔
3. Time Signatures, Metre and Rhythm Terms | 拍号、节拍与节奏术语
In any time signature the top number tells you how many beats are in a bar and the bottom number tells you which note value receives one beat. In simple time each beat divides into two; in compound time each beat divides into three, which is why the top number of a compound signature is always a multiple of three and greater than three.
任何拍号中，上方数字表示每小节有多少拍，下方数字表示以哪种音符为一拍。单拍子中每拍分为两份；复拍子中每拍分为三份，这就是复拍子拍号上方数字总是三的倍数且大于三的原因。
| Signature | 中文名称 | Type | 类型 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2/4 | 四二拍 | Simple duple | 单二拍子 |
| 3/4 | 四三拍 | Simple triple | 单三拍子 |
| 4/4 | 四四拍 | Simple quadruple | 单四拍子 |
| 2/2 | 二二拍（alla breve） | Simple duple, minim beat | 二分音符为一拍的单二拍子 |
| 6/8 | 六八拍 | Compound duple | 复二拍子 |
| 9/8 | 九八拍 | Compound triple | 复三拍子 |
| 12/8 | 十二八拍 | Compound quadruple | 复四拍子 |
| 5/4 or 7/8 | 五四拍 / 七八拍 | Irregular or asymmetric | 不规则（不对称）拍子 |
Rhythm vocabulary you should be able to use in a written answer includes: syncopation (accents shifted onto weak beats or off-beats), off-beat accompaniment, anacrusis (an upbeat before the first full bar), hemiola (a 3:2 cross-rhythm, common at cadences), cross-rhythm and polyrhythm, augmentation (values doubled) and diminution (values halved), ostinato and riff, dotted rhythm, swung quavers, and rubato (expressive flexibility of tempo).
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