📚 IGCSE WJEC Philosophy: Key Points for Experimental/Practical Assessment | IGCSE WJEC 哲学：实验/实践考核要点
In IGCSE WJEC Philosophy, the practical or experimental component is not a laboratory investigation but a structured philosophical enquiry. It tests your ability to construct arguments, evaluate thought experiments, and respond critically to real-world cases.
在 IGCSE WJEC 哲学中，实践或实验部分不是实验室研究，而是一种结构化的哲学探究。它考查你构建论证、评估思想实验以及批判性回应现实案例的能力。
1. Understanding the Nature of Practical Assessment in Philosophy | 理解哲学实践考核的性质
WJEC IGCSE Philosophy practical tasks assess philosophical skills rather than empirical laboratory results. You will be asked to examine concepts, evaluate arguments, and apply theories to unfamiliar scenarios.
WJEC IGCSE 哲学的实践任务考查的是哲学思维技能，而不是实验室中的经验结果。你将被要求审视概念、评估论证，并将理论应用到陌生的情境中。
This means the 'experiment' is a thought experiment, a case study, or a structured dialogue. Your evidence must show clear reasoning, not just factual recall.
这意味着所谓 "实验" 其实是思想实验、案例研究或结构化对话。你的答案必须呈现清晰的推理，而不只是事实记忆。
Examiners look for three layers: explaining a theory, applying it to the task, and evaluating its strengths or weaknesses.
考官寻找三个层面：解释理论、将理论应用到任务中，以及评估其优势或局限。
2. Assessment Objectives and Mark Allocation | 考核目标与分值分配
Most practical tasks in WJEC IGCSE Philosophy are marked against AO1 (knowledge and understanding), AO2 (analysis and evaluation), and AO3 (communication and philosophical enquiry).
WJEC IGCSE 哲学的大多数实践任务按照 AO1（知识与理解）、AO2（分析与评价）和 AO3（交流与哲学探究）来评分。
| AO | Weight | What examiners look for |
|---|---|---|
| AO1 | about 40% | accurate knowledge and understanding of terms, theories, arguments |
| AO2 | usually highest | analysis, evaluation, comparison, justification |
| AO3 | varies | clear structure, examples, sustained critical voice |
Use the table to check whether your answer covers each objective. A response that only explains a theory may score well for AO1 but fails to reach the higher AO2 bands.
用上表检查你的答案是否覆盖了每个目标。只解释理论的回答可能在 AO1 上得分，但无法达到更高的 AO2 分数段。
AO1 requires accurate use of philosophical terms such as 'a priori', 'empiricism', 'dualism', and 'utilitarianism'.
AO1 要求准确使用哲学术语，例如 "先验" "经验主义" "二元论" 和 "功利主义"。
AO2 is often the highest weighted objective. You must identify assumptions, compare viewpoints, and justify a conclusion rather than merely describing it.
AO2 通常是权重最高的目标。你必须识别假设、比较不同观点并证明结论，而不仅仅是描述结论。
AO3 rewards clear structure, use of examples, and sustained critical voice. Even a strong argument loses marks if it is not communicated logically.
AO3 奖励清晰的结构、例子的使用和持续的批判性声音。再有力的论证，如果表达缺乏逻辑，也会失分。
3. Thought Experiments as Practical Tasks | 思想实验作为实践任务
A common practical task asks you to run or respond to a thought experiment such as the trolley problem, Plato's cave, or Putnam's brain-in-a-vat.
常见的实践任务会让你进行或回应某个思想实验，例如电车难题、柏拉图的洞穴或普特南的 "缸中之脑"。
Do not merely retell the story. Name its purpose, isolate the variable it tests, and explain why the imagined scenario matters for the theory.
不要只是复述故事。要说明其目的、分离出它检验的变量，并解释这个想象情境为什么对相关理论重要。
Use a three-step structure: describe the set-up, state the intuition it triggers, and test whether that intuition supports or undermines the claim.
使用三步结构：描述实验设置，陈述它引发的直觉，然后检验该直觉是支持还是削弱相关主张。
For example, the trolley problem tests whether consequences alone can justify killing. You should compare utilitarian and deontological responses explicitly.
例如，电车难题检验的是仅凭后果是否能为杀人辩护。你应明确比较功利主义和义务论的回应。
4. Argument Mapping and Reconstruction | 论证图解与重构
Practical assessment often includes a short argument to reconstruct into premises and conclusion. You may be asked to identify hidden assumptions or spot informal fallacies.
实践考核常包含一段简短论证，要求你将其重构为论据和结论。你可能会被要求找出隐藏假设或识别非形式谬误。
Write the argument in standard form: P1, P2, therefore C. Use labels such as 'premise', 'inference', and 'conclusion' accurately.
把论证写成标准形式：前提 1、前提 2，因此结论。准确使用 "前提" "推理" 和 "结论" 这些标签。
Common fallacies to recognise include ad hominem, straw man, false dilemma, and circular reasoning. Naming a fallacy is only useful if you explain how it weakens the argument.
需要识别的常见谬误包括人身攻击、稻草人、假两难和循环推理。仅指出谬误名称没有用，还要解释它如何削弱论证。
Always ask: if the premises were true, would they force the conclusion? If not, the argument is invalid or needs an extra premise.
始终追问：如果前提为真，它们是否必然推出结论？如果不是，该论证就是无效的，或需要补充额外前提。
5. Case Study Analysis: Ethical Dilemmas | 案例研究分析：伦理两难
In ethical case studies, you may be given a dilemma from medicine, law, war, or technology. The examiner expects you to apply at least two ethical theories and reach a justified decision.
在伦理案例研究中，你可能会遇到来自医学、法律、战争或科技的两难情境。考官希望你能至少运用两种伦理理论，并得出有根据的决定。
Use a balanced structure: first apply a consequentialist framework such as act utilitarianism, then a duty-based framework such as Kantian ethics, and finally evaluate which framework is stronger in this case.
使用平衡的结构：先运用后果主义框架（如行为功利主义），然后运用义务论框架（如康德伦理学），最后评估在该案例中哪种框架更有力。
Do not sit on the fence for too long. Give a clear verdict, but acknowledge the strongest counter-argument and explain why you reject it.
不要长时间保持中立。给出明确的判断，但要承认最强有力的反方论点，并解释为什么你不接受它。
Always define key terms such as 'sanctity of life', 'autonomy', or 'greatest happiness principle' before using them.
在使用 "生命神圣性" "自主性" 或 "最大幸福原则" 等关键术语前，务必先下定义。
6. Dialogue and Debate Performance | 对话与辩论表现
Some practical tasks assess oral or written dialogue. You might be asked to write a Socratic dialogue between a theist and an atheist, or to prepare a brief debate speech.
有些实践任务考查口头或书面对话。你可能会被要求写一篇有神论者与无神论者之间的苏格拉底式对话，或准备一段简短的辩论发言。
In a dialogue, each speaker must use genuine philosophical language and respond to the other person's reasons, not just repeat a fixed view.
在对话中，每个发言者都必须使用真正的哲学语言，并回应对方的理由，而不仅仅重复固定立场。
Use signpost phrases such as 'your premise assumes...', 'that does not follow because...', or 'an alternative explanation is...'.
使用标志性表达，如 "你的前提假设了……" "这并不能推出，因为……" 或 "另一种解释是……"。
In debate tasks, state your criterion for a good outcome, offer two supporting reasons, and pre-empt one objection. Time yourself to avoid underdeveloped arguments.
在辩论任务中，陈述你对良好结果的判断标准，提供两个支持理由，并预先回应一个反对意见。计时练习，避免论证展开不足。
7. Reflective Journal and Critical Commentary | 反思日志与批判性评论
A reflective journal is not a diary of feelings. It is a record of how your thinking changed when you met a counter-example or a new theory.
反思日志不是情感日记。它记录的是当你遇到反例或新理论时，你的思考发生了怎样的变化。
Use sentence stems such as 'I initially assumed X, but after considering Y, I now think...' or 'The strongest challenge to my view is...'.
使用句式如 "我最初假设 X，但在考虑了 Y 之后，我现在认为……" 或 "对我的观点最大的挑战是……"。
For critical commentary, choose
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