📚 AQA International AS Physics 9630: Full Scheme of Work | AQA 国际 AS 物理 9630 完整教学计划
This guide sets out a complete scheme of work for AQA International AS Physics 9630. It covers the two examined units, required practical skills, mathematics, assessment objectives and a term-by-term teaching plan. The course is designed for AS students who need a clear, exam-focused route through the specification.
本指南为 AQA 国际 AS 物理 9630 提供完整的教学计划。内容涵盖两个考试单元、必做实验技能、数学方法、评估目标以及分学期教学安排。该课程面向 AS 学生，帮助大家清晰、高效地围绕考试大纲完成学习。
1. Specification at a Glance | 课程大纲速览
AQA International AS Physics 9630 is a one-year AS qualification. It is divided into two written units: Unit 1: Mechanics, Materials and Atoms, and Unit 2: Electricity, Waves and Particles. Each unit is assessed by a 1 hour 30 minute written paper worth 80 marks, and each paper contributes 50% of the final AS grade.
AQA 国际 AS 物理 9630 是一年制 AS 课程。它分为两个笔试单元：第一单元“力学、材料与原子”，第二单元“电学、波与粒子”。每个单元通过一份时长 1 小时 30 分钟、满分 80 分的笔试试卷考核，各占 AS 最终成绩的 50%。
Both papers contain a mixture of multiple-choice questions, short-answer questions and longer response questions. Practical skills are not graded separately but are assessed through written questions based on the required practical activities.
两份试卷均包含选择题、简答题和较长回答题。实验技能不单独评分，而是通过基于必做实验活动的书面题目进行考核。
| Unit 单元 | Title 名称 | Written paper 笔试 | Weighting 权重 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unit 1 单元一 | Mechanics, Materials and Atoms 力学、材料与原子 | 1 h 30 min 1 小时 30 分钟 | 50% |
| Unit 2 单元二 | Electricity, Waves and Particles 电学、波与粒子 | 1 h 30 min 1 小时 30 分钟 | 50% |
2. Unit 1: Mechanics, Materials and Atoms | 第一单元：力学、材料与原子
Unit 1 begins with mechanics. Students must be able to distinguish scalar and vector quantities, resolve vectors into components, and apply the principle of moments to objects in equilibrium. The equations of motion are used for constant acceleration, including free fall and projectile motion.
第一单元从力学开始。学生必须能够区分标量与矢量、把矢量分解为分力，并将力矩原理应用于处于平衡状态的物体。运动学方程用于匀加速运动，包括自由落体和抛体运动。
Newton's three laws of motion underpin the whole unit. Linear momentum and impulse are introduced, and the conservation of momentum is applied to collisions and explosions. Work, energy and power follow, with calculations involving kinetic energy, gravitational potential energy and efficiency.
牛顿三大运动定律是本单元的基础。课程引入线性动量和冲量，并将动量守恒应用于碰撞和爆炸。随后学习功、能量和功率，涉及动能、重力势能和效率的计算。
Materials work includes density, Hooke's law, force-extension graphs, elastic and plastic deformation, stress, strain and the Young modulus. Students also calculate energy stored in a stretched spring or wire from the area under a force-extension graph.
材料部分包括密度、胡克定律、力-伸长图像、弹性形变与塑性形变、应力、应变和杨氏模量。学生还要根据力-伸长图像下方的面积计算储存在拉伸弹簧或金属丝中的能量。
The atoms section covers atomic structure, isotopes, subatomic particles, alpha, beta and gamma radiation, nuclear decay equations, half-life and background radiation. Students learn how ionising radiation is used and handled safely.
原子部分涵盖原子结构、同位素、亚原子粒子、α、β 和 γ 辐射、核衰变方程、半衰期和背景辐射。学生将学习电离辐射的安全使用与防护方法。
3. Unit 2: Electricity, Waves and Particles | 第二单元：电学、波与粒子
tricity. Students study electric charge, current, potential difference and resistance. Ohm' duced through the equation ρ = RA/L, and students apply series and parallel circuit rules.
第二单元从电学开始。学生学习电荷、电流、电势差和电阻。欧姆定律作为电阻恒定的特殊情况加以考查。通过公式 ρ = RA/L 引入电阻率，学生还会应用串联和并联电路规律。
e also part of the unit, so students must be confident using P = IV, P = I²R and P = V²/R.
电路理论包括电动势和内电阻。端电压用 V = ε − Ir 解释。电位器、传感器和功率耗散也是本单元内容，因此学生必须熟练使用 P = IV、P = I²R 和 P = V²/R。
The waves section covers progressive and stationary waves, longitudinal and transverse waves, wave speed, phase difference, reflection, refraction, diffraction and superposition. Students study double-slit interference and stationary wave patterns on strings and in tubes.
波的部分涵盖行波与驻波、纵波与横波、波速、相位差、反射、折射、衍射和叠加。学生将学习双缝干涉以及弦上和管中的驻波图样。
ect, work function and threshold frequency. Electron energy levels, emission and absorption spectra, and wave-particle duality are also required.
粒子物理完成 AS 课程。学生使用光子模型 E = hf 解释光电效应、逸出功和阈频率。电子能级、发射光谱与吸收光谱以及波粒二象性也属于考试要求。
4. Required Practicals and Practical Skills | 必做实验与实验技能
AQA International AS Physics expects students to complete a set of required practical activities during the course. These practicals are not submitted for marking, but written exam questions will test understanding of apparatus, methods, measurements, uncertainties and data analysis.
AQA 国际 AS 物理要求学生在课程中完成一系列必做实验活动。这些实验无需提交评分，但笔试题目会考查学生对仪器、方法、测量、不确定度和数据分析的理解。
Typical AS practical work includes measuring g by free fall, investigating the force-extension relationship for springs and wires, determining the resistivity of a metal wire, finding the EMF and internal resistance of a cell, and investigating stationary waves on a string.
典型的 AS 实验包括：通过自由落体测量 g，研究弹簧和金属丝的力-伸长关系，测定金属丝的电阻率，测量电池的电动势和内电阻，以及研究弦上的驻波。
In each practical, students should record data in tables, repeat measurements, calculate means, identify anomalies, estimate absolute and percentage uncertainty, and plot graphs with error bars where appropriate. Conclusions must refer back to the experimental evidence.
在每项实验中，学生应用表格记录数据、重复测量、计算平均值、识别异常值、估算绝对不确定度和百分比不确定度，并在适当时绘制带误差棒的图像。结论必须与实验证据相联系。
5. Mathematical Skills in AS Physics | AS 物理中的数学技能
Mathematical skills account for at least 40% of AQA International AS Physics. Students must rearrange equations, substitute numerical values using SI units, and express answers to an appropriate number of significant figures.
AQA 国际 AS 物理中，数学技能至少占 40% 的分数。学生必须会变换公式、代入含 SI 单位的数值，并用适当的有效数字表示答案。
Key mathematical techniques include using standard form, calculating absolute and percentage uncertainty, finding gradients and areas under graphs, using trigonometric functions for vector resolution, and understanding proportionality and inverse proportionality.
主要数学技能包括使用标准形式、计算绝对不确定度和百分比不确定度、求图像斜率和图像下方面积、使用三角函数进行矢量分解，以及理解正比例和反比例关系。
Students should practise plotting graphs accurately, choosing suitable scales, labelling axes with quantity and unit, and using the gradient or intercept to find physical constants such as g or internal resistance r.
学生应练习准确绘制图像、选择合适的坐标轴刻度、用物理量和单位标注坐标轴，并利用斜率或截距求出物理常数，如 g 或内电阻 r。
6. Term-by-Term Scheme of Work | 分学期教学计划
A full scheme of work should sequence content so that earlier topics support later ones. Mechanics and materials are usually taught before electricity and waves, while practical skills are embedded throughout the year rather than taught as a separate topic.
完整的教学计划应合理安排内容顺序，使前面的主题为后面提供支持。通常先教力学和材料，再教电学和波；实验技能则应贯穿全年，而不是作为独立主题讲授。
| Term 学期 | Content focus 内容重点 | Practical work 实验活动 |
|---|---|---|
| Autumn 1 秋季一 | Measurements, errors, kinematics, forces, Newton's laws 测量、误差、运动学、力、牛顿定律 | Free fall to determine g 自由落体测定 g |
| Autumn 2 秋季二 | Momentum, work, energy, power, materials 动量、功、能量、功率、材料 | Hooke's law and Young modulus 胡克定律与杨氏模量 |
| Spring 1 春季一 | Atoms, radiation, half-life, nuclear equations 原子、辐射、半衰期、核方程 | Simulation of radioactive decay 放射性衰变模拟 |
| Spring 2 春季二 | Electricity, circuits, resistance, EMF, potential dividers 电学、电路、电阻、电动势、电位器 | Resistivity of a wire 金属丝电阻率 |
| Summer 1 夏季一 | Waves, superposition, photoelectric effect, energy levels 波、叠加、光电效应、能级 | Stationary waves on a string 弦上驻波 |
| Summer 2 夏季二 | Revision, past papers, exam technique 复习、历年真题、应试技巧 | Required practical review 必做实验复习 |
7. Key Vocabulary and Definitions | 核心词汇与定义
Students need precise scientific vocabulary because many mark schemes award marks for using the correct term. The table below lists essential AS Physics terms with brief definitions.
学生需要使用准确的科学术语，因为许多评分方案对正确术语给予分数。下表列出 AS 物理必备术语及其简要定义。
| Term 术语 | Definition 定义 |
|---|---|
| Vector 矢量 | A quantity with magnitude and direction 既有大小又有方向的量 |
| Displacement 位移 | Distance in a given direction 给定方向上的距离 |
| Momentum 动量 | Product of mass and velocity 质量与速度的乘积 |
| Stress 应力 | Force per unit cross-sectional area 单位横截面积上的力 |
| Strain 应变 | Extension per unit original length 单位原长的伸长量 |
| EMF 电动势 | Energy transferred per unit charge by a source 电源每单位电荷所转移的能量 |
| Work function 逸出功 | Minimum energy needed to remove an electron from a metal surface 使电子从金属表面逸出所需的最小能量 |
| Stationary wave 驻波 | A wave pattern with fixed nodes and antinodes 具有固定波节和波腹的波图样 |
8. Common Misconceptions | 常见误区
Students often confuse velocity and speed. Velocity is a vector, so a object moving in a circle at constant speed has a changing velocity because its direction changes. Acceleration means any change in velocity, not only getting faster.
学生常常混淆速度与速率。速度是矢量，因此物体以恒定速率做圆周运动时，由于方向不断变化，速度也在变化。加速度表示速度的任何变化，而不仅是变快。
Another common error is the belief that a force is needed to keep an object moving at constant velocity. Newton's first law states that an object continues at constant velocity unless a resultant force acts on it. Constant velocity means zero resultant force.
另一个常见错误是认为物体保持匀速运动需要力。牛顿第一定律指出，除非有合力作用，否则物体将保持匀速直线运动。匀速运动意味着合力为零。
In electricity, students sometimes think current is used up as it passes through a circuit. In fact, current is conserved at junctions: the total current entering a junction equals the total current leaving it. In a series circuit the current is the same at every point.
在电学中，学生有时认为电流通过电路时会被消耗。实际上，电流在节点处守恒：流入节点的总电流等于流出节点的总
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