📚 A-Level AQA Physics 9630 International A2 Level Physics Scheme of Work Full | AQA 国际 A2 物理 9630 教学计划全览
This scheme of work offers a term-by-term plan for the AQA International A-level Physics 9630 A2 units. It covers further mechanics, fields, capacitors, thermal and nuclear physics, and practical skills to help teachers and students map learning to assessment objectives AO1, AO2 and AO3. Each section below states the physics content, the expected learning outcomes and the assessment focus week by week.
本教学计划为 AQA 国际 A-level 物理 9630 的 A2 单元提供逐学期规划。它涵盖进阶力学、场、电容器、热物理与核物理以及实验技能，帮助师生将学习内容与考核目标 AO1、AO2 和 AO3 对应起来。下文每一节都列出物理内容、预期学习成果以及逐周的评估重点。
1. Course Overview and Sequencing | 课程概览与教学顺序
This scheme divides the A2 course into 20 teaching weeks. Unit 4 (PH04) covers further mechanics, fields and capacitance; Unit 5 (PH05) covers thermal physics, nuclear energy and radioactivity; Unit 6 (PH06) consolidates practical skills and the required investigations. The plan balances theory with regular exam-style practice, so that every new concept is followed within a week by past-paper questions on that same concept.
本计划将 A2 课程划分为 20 个教学周。第 4 单元（PH04）涵盖进阶力学、场和电容器；第 5 单元（PH05）涵盖热物理、核能与放射性；第 6 单元（PH06）整合实验技能和必做探究。计划兼顾理论教学与常规考试题型训练，使每个新概念在讲授后一周内即配套该概念的历年真题练习。
The sequencing principle is 'mechanics then fields then energy'. Circular motion and simple harmonic motion come first because they build directly on AS kinematics and forces, and because the mathematics of oscillation reappears in capacitor discharge and in radioactive decay. Fields come second because gravitational, electric and magnetic fields share one common structure of field strength, potential and flux. Thermal and nuclear physics come last because they rely on energy conservation arguments already established.
编排原则是"先力学、再场、后能量"。圆周运动与简谐运动放在最前，因为它们直接建立在 AS 的运动学与受力分析之上，而且振动的数学会在电容器放电和放射性衰变中再次出现。场放在第二位，因为引力场、电场和磁场共享同一套由场强、势和通量构成的结构。热物理与核物理放在最后，因为它们依赖已经建立的能量守恒论证。
| Weeks 周次 | Unit 单元 | Topics 主题 | Assessment focus 评估重点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-4 | PH04 | Circular motion, simple harmonic motion, momentum 圆周运动、简谐运动、动量 | AO1, AO2 |
| 5-8 | PH04 | Gravitational, electric and magnetic fields 引力场、电场与磁场 | AO1, AO2 |
| 9-11 | PH04 | Capacitance, electromagnetic induction 电容器、电磁感应 | AO1, AO2 |
| 12-15 | PH05 | Thermal physics, ideal gases, nuclear physics 热物理、理想气体、核物理 | AO1, AO2 |
| 16-18 | PH06 | Practical skills, required investigations 实验技能、必做探究 | AO3 |
| 19-20 | All 全部 | Revision, past papers, synoptic practice 复习、真题、综合训练 | AO1-AO3 |
2. Assessment Objectives and Exam Structure | 考核目标与考试结构
Every lesson objective in this scheme is tagged to one of the three assessment objectives. AO1 tests knowledge and understanding of the physics itself, including definitions, units and standard statements of laws. AO2 tests application of that knowledge to unfamiliar situations, multi-step calculations and explanations of physical behaviour. AO3 tests practical skills: planning, measurement, uncertainty treatment, graph analysis and evaluation of evidence.
本计划中的每一条课堂目标都标注了对应的考核目标。AO1 考查物理知识本身的理解，包括定义、单位和定律的标准表述。AO2 考查把知识应用于陌生情境的能力，包括多步计算和对物理行为的解释。AO3 考查实验技能：方案设计、测量、不确定度处理、图像分析和对证据的评估。
Because AO2 carries the largest share of the marks, the plan embeds at least one structured explanation question and one calculation question into every topic block. AO3 is not left to the final weeks: short practical or data-analysis tasks are inserted into PH04 and PH05 lessons so that students rehearse uncertainty and gradient work before the practical unit begins.
由于 AO2 占分最多，本计划在每个主题板块中都嵌入至少一道结构化解释题和一道计算题。AO3 不会推迟到最后的周次：在 PH04 和 PH05 的课堂中会插入简短的实验或数据分析任务，使学生在进入实验单元之前就反复练习不确定度和斜率运算。
- AO1 - recall and define: state the law, name the unit, sketch the graph. 回忆与定义：陈述定律、写出单位、画出图像。
- AO2 - apply and explain: substitute correctly, rearrange, justify with physics. 应用与解释：正确代入、变形公式、用物理理由支撑结论。
- AO3 - investigate and evaluate: choose apparatus, estimate uncertainty, comment on reliability. 探究与评估：选择器材、估算不确定度、评价可靠性。
3. Further Mechanics: Momentum and Impulse | 进阶力学：动量与冲量
Momentum is extended from AS to two-dimensional conservation problems and to the impulse-momentum theorem. The momentum of a body of mass m moving with velocity v is defined as the product of its mass and velocity, and impulse is the product of a force and the time for which it acts.
动量部分从 AS 延伸到二维动量守恒和冲量-动量定理。质量为 m、速度为 v 的物体的动量定义为质量与速度的乘积，而冲量是力与该力作用时间的乘积。
p = mv Δp = FΔt F = Δp / Δt
In an isolated system the total momentum in any chosen direction is conserved, and this holds independently for two perpendicular directions. Students must resolve velocities into components, add momenta vectorially, and distinguish elastic from inelastic collisions: kinetic energy is conserved only in elastic collisions, whereas momentum is conserved in both provided no external resultant force acts.
在孤立系统中，沿任意选定方向的总动量守恒，并且这一结论在两个互相垂直的方向上分别成立。学生必须把速度分解为分量、按矢量方式相加动量，并区分弹性与非弹性碰撞：只有弹性碰撞中动能守恒，而只要没有合外力作用，两种碰撞中动量都守恒。
- Define momentum and state its unit: kg m s⁻¹. 定义动量并写出单位：kg m s⁻¹。
- Use the impulse-momentum theorem to explain safety features such as crumple zones and airbags. 用冲量-动量定理解释溃缩区和安全气囊等安全设计。
- Solve two-dimensional collision problems by treating perpendicular axes separately. 通过分别处理垂直坐标轴来求解二维碰撞问题。
- Calculate the fractional loss of kinetic energy in an inelastic collision. 计算非弹性碰撞中动能的损失比例。
4. Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion | 圆周运动与简谐运动
Angular velocity ω is the rate of change of angular displacement, and for a full circle it equals 2π divided by the period. Linear speed and centripetal acceleration follow directly, and the resultant force must point towards the centre of the circular path at all times.
角速度 ω 是角位移的变化率，对一个完整的圆周它等于 2π 除以周期。线速度与向心加速度由此直接得出，且合外力必须始终指向圆周路径的圆心。
ω = Δθ / Δt = 2π / T = 2πf v = rω a = v² / r = rω² F = mrω²
The work done by the centripetal force is zero because the force is perpendicular to the velocity at every instant, so the speed remains constant while the direction changes. A frequent misconception is that a centrifugal force pushes the body outwards; in an inertial frame only the inward resultant force exists.
向心力所做的功为零，因为在每一瞬间该力都与速度垂直，所以速率保持不变而方向改变。常见的错误观念是认为有一个"离心力"把物体向外推；在惯性参考系中只存在指向圆心的合外力。
Simple harmonic motion is defined by an acceleration proportional to displacement and directed towards the equilibrium position. The standard solution is sinusoidal, and for a mass-spring oscillator and a simple pendulum the periods depend only on the restoring constant or length and on the local gravitational field strength.
简谐运动的定义是加速度与位移成正比且方向指向平衡位置。其标准解是正弦式的；对弹簧振子和单摆而言，周期只取决于回复常数或摆长，以及当地的重力场强度。
a = −ω²x x = A cos(2πft) T = 2π√m / k T = 2π√l / g
- Sketch displacement, velocity and acceleration graphs and relate their phases. 画出位移、速度和加速度图像并说明它们的相位关系。
- Describe energy interchange between kinetic and potential energy, noting that total energy is proportional to amplitude squared. 描述动能与势能之间的转换，注意总能量与振幅的平方成正比。
- Explain damping, forced oscillation and resonance with reference to natural frequency. 结合固有频率解释阻尼、受迫振动与共振。
5. Gravitational Fields | 引力场
Newton's law of gravitation gives the force between two point masses, and gravitational field strength is defined as force per unit mass. Outside a uniform sphere the field behaves as though all the mass were concentrated at the centre, which allows radial field problems to be treated with a single formula.
牛顿万有引力定律给出两个质点之间的引力，引力场强度定义为作用在单位质量上的力。在均匀球体外部，其场的行为如同全部质量集中在球心，这使径向场问题可以用一个公式处理。
F = GMm / r² g = GM / r² V = −GM / r vesc = √2GM / r
Gravitational potential is always negative and tends to zero at infinity, so a graph of potential against radius is a rising curve below the axis. The gradient of that graph gives the negative of the field strength, and the area under a field-strength-radius graph gives the change in potential.
引力势始终为负，并随距离趋于无穷而趋于零，所以势-半径图像是一条位于坐标轴下方的上升曲线。该图像的斜率给出场强的负值，而场强-半径图像下的面积给出势的变化量。
- State Kepler's three laws, including T² ∝ r³ for circular orbits. 陈述开普勒三定律，包括圆轨道的 T² ∝ r³。
- Derive the orbital speed relation by equating gravitational and centripetal force. 通过令引力等于向心力推导轨道速度关系式。
- Distinguish geostationary from polar orbits and explain the role of orbital radius. 区分地球同步轨道与极地轨道，并说明轨道半径的作用。
- Compare gravitational and electric fields in terms of field strength, potential and inverse-square behaviour. 从场强、势和平方反比行为比较引力场与电场。
6. Electric Fields and Capacitance | 电场与电容器
Electric field strength is force per unit positive charge, and for a radial field around a point charge it follows an inverse-square law. Between parallel plates the field is uniform, which makes the potential gradient constant and equal to the applied voltage divided by the separation.
电场强度定义为单位正电荷所受的力，对于点电荷周围的径向场它遵循平方反比定律。平行板之间的场是匀强场，因此电势梯度为常数，等于所加电压除以板间距。
E = F / Q E = kQ / r² V = kQ / r E = V / d k = 1 / (4πε0)
Capacitance is defined as charge stored per unit potential difference. Capacitors in parallel add directly because they share the same potential difference, while capacitors in series combine reciprocally because they carry the same charge.
电容定义为单位电势差所储存的电荷量。并联电容器直接相加，因为它们共享同一电势差；串联电容器按倒数关系合并，因为它们带有相同电荷。
C = Q / V W = ½QV = ½CV² τ = RC Q = Q0 e^(−t / RC)
- Describe charging and discharging through a resistor and interpret the exponential decay curve. 描述通过电阻的充电与放电过程并解读指数衰减曲线。
- State that after one time constant the charge has fallen to about 37% of its initial value. 说明经过一个时间常数后电荷降至初值约 37%。
- Explain the energy stored as the area under a charge-potential difference graph. 说明储存的能量等于电荷-电势差图像下的面积。
- Discuss practical uses of capacitors, including smoothing and energy storage. 讨论电容器的实际用途，包括滤波和储能。
7. Magnetic Fields and Electromagnetic Induction | 磁场与电磁感应
A magnetic field exerts a force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying conductor, with the direction given by Fleming's left-hand rule. The force is maximum when the velocity or current is perpendicular to the field and zero when it is parallel.
磁场对运动电荷和载流导体施加作用力，方向由弗莱明左手定则给出。当速度或电流与磁场垂直时力最大，平行时力为零。
F = BIl sinθ F = Bqv sinθ r = mv / (BQ)
Magnetic flux is the product of flux density and the area perpendicular to it, and flux linkage multiplies flux by the number of turns. Faraday's law states that the induced electromotive force equals the rate of change of flux linkage, and Lenz's law fixes its direction so that it opposes the change producing it.
磁通量是磁通密度与垂直于它的面积的乘积，磁通链则等于磁通量乘以匝数。法拉第定律指出感应电动势等于磁通链的变化率，楞次定律确定其方向总是阻碍产生它的变化。
Φ = BA cosθ ε = −N ΔΦ / Δt
- Explain the operation of a simple transformer and the significance of the turns ratio. 解释简单变压器的工作原理以及匝数比的意义。
- Distinguish eddy currents from the main induced current and explain how they are reduced. 区分涡流与主感应电流，并说明如何减小涡流。
- Describe the motion of a charged particle in a uniform magnetic field as circular. 描述带电粒子在匀强磁场中的运动为圆周运动。
8. Thermal Physics and Ideal Gases | 热物理与理想气体
Internal energy is the sum of the randomly distributed kinetic and potential energies of the particles of a system. For an ideal gas there are no intermolecular forces, so the internal energy depends only on the total kinetic energy and therefore only on temperature.
内能是系统粒子随机分布的动能与势能之和。对理想气体而言不存在分子间作用力，因此内能只取决于总动能，因而只取决于温度。
pV = nRT pV = NkT ½m⟨c²⟩ = (3/2)kT
Specific heat capacity is the energy required to raise the temperature of unit mass by one kelvin, and specific latent heat is the energy required to change the state of unit mass at constant temperature. In a change of state the energy supplied breaks intermolecular bonds rather than increasing kinetic energy, so the temperature stays constant.
比热容是使单位质量升高 1 开尔文所需能量，比潜热是在恒温下使单位质量发生物态变化所需能量。在物态变化中，供给的能量用于破坏分子间键而不是增加动能，所以温度保持不变。
Q = mcΔθ Q = mL ΔU = Q + W
- Use kinetic theory to derive the pressure of an ideal gas and interpret each assumption. 用气体动理论推导理想气体压强并解释各项假设。
- Sketch and interpret p-V and p-T graphs for isothermal, isobaric and adiabatic processes. 绘制并解读等温、等压和绝热过程的 p-V 与 p-T 图像。
- State the sign convention used in the first law of thermodynamics. 说明热力学第一定律所用的符号约定。
9. Nuclear Physics and Radioactivity |
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