📚 AQA CH05 Unit 5 Insert (Jan 2023): Key Data and How to Apply It | AQA CH05 单元5资料插页（2023年1月）：关键数据与应用方法
The AQA CH05 International A-level Chemistry Unit 5 insert is not just a data sheet; it is an exam tool designed to save you time and prevent recall errors. This guide explains the most important tables and values you are likely to see on the 18 January 2023 insert and shows how to use them accurately in redox, spectroscopy and organic structure questions.
AQA CH05 国际 A-level 化学单元5资料插页不只是一张数据表，更是帮助你节省时间、避免记忆错误的考试工具。本指南讲解 2023 年 1 月 18 日插页中最常见的重要表格和数值，并演示如何在氧化还原、光谱和有机结构题中准确使用它们。
1. What Is the Unit 5 Insert? | 什么是单元5资料插页？
The insert is a reference booklet supplied inside your question paper. In Unit 5, it normally includes standard electrode potentials, selected thermodynamic constants, infrared absorption ranges, proton NMR chemical shifts and carbon-13 NMR chemical shifts. You are expected to read these tables quickly and apply the data rather than memorise every value.
资料插页是随试卷提供的参考手册。在单元5中，它通常包含标准电极电势、选定的热力学常数、红外吸收范围、质子核磁共振化学位移和碳-13 核磁共振化学位移。考试要求你快速查阅这些表格并应用数据，而不是记住每一个数值。
The most common mistake is to treat the insert as an optional extra. In fact, many Unit 5 questions are designed around the values printed there, especially redox feasibility and NMR structure problems. You should know exactly where each table is located before the exam starts.
最常见的错误是把插页当作可有可无的附加材料。事实上，单元5的很多题目都是围绕插页中给出的数值设计的，尤其是氧化还原可行性判断和核磁共振结构推断题。你应当在考试开始前就清楚每张表格的位置。
2. Electrochemical Series: Standard Electrode Potentials | 电化学系列：标准电极电势
ised species + ne⁻ → reduced species. Each half-cell has a standard electrode potential, E⦵, measured relative to the standard hydrogen electrode at 298 K, 100 kPa and 1.0 mol dm⁻³ ion concentrations.
电极电势表以还原过程列出半反应，形式为氧化态物种 + ne⁻ → 还原态物种。每个半电池都有一个标准电极电势 E⦵，是在 298 K、100 kPa 和 1.0 mol dm⁻³ 离子浓度下相对于标准氢电极测得的。
More positive values mean the oxidised form is more likely to gain electrons, so it is a stronger oxidising agent. More negative values mean the reduced form is more likely to lose electrons, so it is a stronger reducing agent. You should always use the values exactly as printed in the insert.
数值越正，说明氧化态物种越容易得到电子，因此是更强的氧化剂。数值越负，说明还原态物种越容易失去电子，因此是更强的还原剂。你应当始终使用插页中印出的数值，不要凭记忆改写。
Typical values you might use include Zn²⁺/Zn at −0.76 V, Cu²⁺/Cu at +0.34 V, Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ at +0.77 V, Cr₂O₇²⁻/Cr³⁺ at +1.33 V and MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺ at +1.52 V. These are all standard reduction potentials under acidic conditions where relevant.
你可能用到的典型数值包括 Zn²⁺/Zn 为 −0.76 V、Cu²⁺/Cu 为 +0.34 V、Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ 为 +0.77 V、Cr₂O₇²⁻/Cr³⁺ 为 +1.33 V 以及 MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺ 为 +1.52 V。这些都是酸性条件下相关的标准还原电势。
3. Using E Values to Predict Feasibility | 使用 E 值判断反应可行性
To predict whether a redox reaction is feasible under standard conditions, combine the two half-reactions into a cell and calculate the standard cell potential. The equation to use is:
要判断一个氧化还原反应在标准条件下是否可行，需要将两个半反应组合成一个电池并计算标准电池电势。使用的公式为：
Ecell = Ecathode − Eanode
The cathode is the half-reaction with the more positive E value, and reduction takes place there. The anode is the half-reaction with the more negative E value, and oxidation takes place there. If Ecell is positive, the reaction is feasible in the direction written.
阴极是 E 值更正极性的半反应，在那里发生还原反应。阳极是 E 值更负极性的半反应，在那里发生氧化反应。如果 Ecell 为正值，则按书写方向反应可行。
Do not multiply the E values by the number of electrons when balancing the half-equations. Electrode potential is an intensive property, so it does not depend on the amount of substance. For example, if MnO₄⁻ accepts 5 electrons and Fe²⁺ loses 1 electron, you still subtract the Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ E value from the MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺ E value without multiplying by 5.
在配平半反应时，不要将 E 数值乘以电子数。电极电势是一种强度性质，不随物质的量变化。例如，MnO₄⁻ 接受 5 个电子而 Fe²⁺ 失去 1 个电子，你仍然是用 MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺ 的 E 值减去 Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ 的 E 值，不乘以 5。
4. Transition Metal Redox Couples and Cell Reactions | 过渡金属氧化还原对与电池反应
Unit 5 frequently tests transition metal redox reactions using couples such as Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺/Cu, MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺, Cr₂O₇²⁻/Cr³⁺ and Co³⁺/Co²⁺. You must be able to write the overall equation by combining the reduction half-equation of the more positive couple with the oxidation half-equation of the more negative couple.
单元5经常使用 Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺/Cu、MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺、Cr₂O₇²⁻/Cr³⁺ 和 Co³⁺/Co²⁺ 等氧化还原对来考查过渡金属反应。你必须能够将 E 值较正的还原半反应与 E 值较负的氧化半反应组合，写出总方程式。
e³⁺/Fe²⁺ couple has E = +0.77 V. The feasible cell potential is +1.52 − (+0.77) = +0.75 V.
例如，酸化高锰酸根离子可以氧化铁(II)为铁(III)。MnO₄⁻/Mn²⁺ 电对的 E = +1.52 V，Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ 电对的 E = +0.77 V。可行的电池电势为 +1.52 − (+0.77) = +0.75 V。
is MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O. Multiply the Fe²⁺ oxidation by 5 to balance electrons.
在写配平方程式时，对于含氧氧化剂要补上 H⁺ 和 H₂O。酸性条件下 MnO₄⁻ 的半反应为 MnO₄⁻ + 8H⁺ + 5e⁻ → Mn²⁺ + 4H₂O。将 Fe²⁺ 的氧化半反应乘以 5 以平衡电子。
5. Infrared Absorption Data | 红外吸收数据
The infrared table in the insert gives characteristic absorption ranges for common bonds. You should use these ranges to identify functional groups, and you should always quote ranges rather than single sharp values unless the table shows a very narrow band.
插页中的红外表格给出了常见化学键的特征吸收范围。你应当使用这些范围来识别官能团，并且除非表中显示非常窄的谱带，否则应引用范围而不是单一尖锐数值。
Key ranges to recognise include O–H in alcohols at 3200–3550 cm⁻¹, O–H in carboxylic acids at 2500–3300 cm⁻¹, N–H in amines at 3300–3500 cm⁻¹, C=O at 1680–1750 cm⁻¹, C=C at 1620–1680 cm⁻¹ and C–O at 1000–1300 cm⁻¹.
需要识别的关键范围包括：醇中 O–H 为 3200–3550 cm⁻¹，羧酸中 O–H 为 2500–3300 cm⁻¹，胺中 N–H 为 3300–3500 cm⁻¹，C=O 为 1680–1750 cm⁻¹，C=C 为 1620–1680 cm⁻¹，C–O 为 1000–1300 cm⁻¹。
Do not confuse the broad carboxylic acid O–H absorption with the alcohol O– ak is usually broader and extends further towards lower wavenumber, often overlapping the C– etones, carboxylic acids and esters all fall in the same broad carbonyl range, so IR alone may not distinguish them.
不要把羧酸的宽 O–H 吸收与醇的 O–H 吸收混淆。羧酸的吸收峰通常更宽，并且向低波数方向延伸更多，常常与 C–H 区域重叠。醛、酮、羧酸和酯中的 C=O 键都落在相同的宽羰基范围内，因此仅靠 IR 可能无法区分它们。
6. Proton NMR Chemical Shift Ranges | 质子核磁共振化学位移范围
The proton NMR table lists chemical shift ranges for protons in different environments. You will combine these ranges with integration traces and spin-spin splitting patterns to propose a structure. Always use the table ranges rather than exact single values.
质子核磁共振表列出了不同环境中质子的化学位移范围。你需要结合这些范围、积分曲线和自旋-自旋裂分模式来推测结构。始终使用表格中的范围，而不是单一的精确数值。
Common ranges include R–CH₃ at 0.7–1.2 ppm, R₂CH₂ at 1.2–1.4 ppm, R₃CH at 1.4–1.6 ppm, R–CH₂–CO– at 2.0–2.5 ppm, aromatic protons at 6.5–8.0 ppm, aldehyde protons at 9.5–10.0 ppm and carboxylic acid protons at 10.5–12.5 ppm.
常见范围包括：R–CH₃ 为 0.7–1.2 ppm，R₂CH₂ 为 1.2–1.4 ppm，R₃CH 为 1.4–1.6 ppm，R–CH₂–CO– 为 2.0–2.5 ppm，芳香质子为 6.5–8.0 ppm，醛氢为 9.5–10.0 ppm，羧酸氢为 10.5–12.5 ppm。
O–H and N–H protons show variable chemical shifts, often between 1.0 and 5.5 ppm, and they can disappear when shaken with D₂O due to exchange. In structure questions, use the number of peaks, their splitting and their integration ratios to identify fragments before assembling the molecule.
O–H 和 N–H 质子的化学位移变化较大，通常在 1.0 到 5.5 ppm 之间，并且与 D₂O 振荡后可因交换而消失。在结构题中，先利用峰的数量、裂分和积分比例来识别片段，再组装整个分子。
7. Carbon-13 NMR Chemical Shift Ranges | 碳-13 核磁共振化学位移范围
The carbon-13 NMR table gives typical chemical shift ranges for carbon atoms in different environments. Unlike proton NMR, carbon-13 spectra do not normally show integration or splitting in A-level questions, so the
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