📚 AQA AS Chemistry Unit 1 Insert (Jan 2019) - How to Use the Data | AQA AS 化学 Unit 1 插页（2019年1月）数据使用指南
The January 2019 AQA AS Chemistry Unit 1 insert is not a theory summary. It is a data booklet that gives you the essential numbers, tables and reference information you need to answer calculations and structure questions. Many students lose marks not because the chemistry is hard, but because they cannot find the right value quickly or they copy a number incorrectly.
2019年1月AQA AS化学Unit 1插页并不是理论总结，而是一份数据手册，提供你解答计算题和结构题所必需的数据、表格和参考资料。很多学生丢分不是因为化学知识难，而是因为他们不能快速找到正确数值，或者抄错了数字。
1. What You Will Find in the Insert | 插页里有什么
The insert typically contains a periodic table with atomic numbers and relative atomic masses, a table of common ions, selected mean bond enthalpies, and infrared absorption data for organic functional groups. Some versions also give useful constants such as the gas constant R and the Avogadro constant.
插页通常包含一张带有原子序数和相对原子质量的元素周期表、一张常见离子表、部分平均键焓数据，以及有机官能团的红外吸收数据。有些版本还会给出气体常数R和阿伏伽德罗常数等有用常数。
You should treat the insert as your first resource in every calculation question. Before you start calculating, underline the values you will use from the insert. This reduces copying errors and helps you plan the calculation.
你应该把插页当作每道计算题的第一资源。在开始计算之前，先把你将要用到的插页数值画线标出。这样可以减少抄写错误，也有助于你规划计算步骤。
2. Reading the Periodic Table | 读懂元素周期表
In the AQA AS Chemistry insert, each element cell gives the element symbol, the atomic number and the relative atomic mass. The atomic number tells you the number of protons, and for a neutral atom it also equals the number of electrons. The relative atomic mass Aᵣ is the weighted average mass of the isotopes compared with carbon-12.
在AQA AS化学插页中，每个元素格都会给出元素符号、原子序数和相对原子质量。原子序数告诉你质子数，对于中性原子它还等于电子数。相对原子质量Aᵣ是同位素相对于碳-12的加权平均质量。
You must be able to link the periodic table position to electron configuration. For example, sodium Na is in Group 1 and Period 3, so its electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹. Chlorine Cl is in Group 7 and Period 3, so its outer shell is 3s² 3p⁵.
你必须能把元素周期表的位置与电子排布联系起来。例如，钠Na位于第1族第3周期，因此它的电子排布是1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s¹。氯Cl位于第7族第3周期，因此它的外层排布是3s² 3p⁵。
3. Relative Atomic Mass and Isotopes | 相对原子质量与同位素
e not mass numbers of a single atom; they are average values. You must use the insert value in mole calculations, even if a question mentions the isotope chlorine-35 or chlorine-37 separately.
插页给出的相对原子质量例如Cl = 35.5或Cu = 63.5，并不是单个原子的质量数，而是平均值。即使题目单独提到氯-35或氯-37同位素，在摩尔计算中你也必须使用插页给出的数值。
The most important mole equation at AS level is:
AS阶段最重要的摩尔计算公式是：
n = m / M
for every atom in the formula. For example, M of NaOH = 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 = 40.0 g mol⁻¹.
其中n是物质的量，单位为mol；m是质量，单位为g；M是摩尔质量，单位为g mol⁻¹。求M时，把化学式中每个原子的相对原子质量从插页中相加。例如，NaOH的M = 23.0 + 16.0 + 1.0 = 40.0 g mol⁻¹。
4. Common Ions and Formulae | 常见离子与化学式
The insert includes a table of common ions such as sulfate, nitrate, carbonate, ammonium and hydroxide. You must know the charge on each ion so you can write correct formulae for ionic compounds.
插页中有一张常见离子表，例如硫酸根、硝酸根、碳酸根、铵根和氢氧根。你必须知道每种离子的电荷，才能正确书写离子化合物的化学式。
| Ion Name | Formula | Charge |
|---|---|---|
| Ammonium | NH₄⁺ | 1+ |
| Hydroxide | OH⁻ | 1− |
| Nitrate | NO₃⁻ | 1− |
| Carbonate | CO₃²⁻ | 2− |
| Sulfate | SO₄²⁻ | 2− |
To build a formula, combine the positive and negative ions in a ratio that makes the total charge zero. For example, aluminium sulfate contains Al³⁺ and SO₄²⁻, so the formula is Al₂(SO₄)₃.
书写化学式时，将正离子和负离子按总电荷为零的比例组合。例如，硫酸铝含有Al³⁺和SO₄²⁻，因此化学式为Al₂(SO₄)₃。
5. Bond Enthalpies and Energetics | 键焓与能量学
ay give a table of values such as C−H 412 kJ mol⁻¹, O−H 463 kJ mol⁻¹ and C=O 743 kJ mol⁻¹.
平均键焓是指在气态下破坏一摩尔共价键所需的能量，并在不同化合物中取平均值。插页中可能给出数值表，例如C−H为412 kJ mol⁻¹，O−H为463 kJ mol⁻¹，C=O为743 kJ mol⁻¹。
For a reaction, enthalpy change is estimated by:
对于反应，焓变可以通过以下方式估算：
ΔH = ΣE(bonds broken) − ΣE(bonds formed)
le of methane CH₄ requires breaking 4 × C−H and 2 × O=O, then forming 2 × C=O and 4 × O−H.
断键是吸热过程，所以取正值。成键是放热过程，所以取负值。始终要数清反应物和生成物中的每一个键。例如，燃烧1摩尔甲烷CH₄需要断裂4个C−H键和2个O=O键，然后生成2个C=O键和4个O−H键。
6. Infrared Absorption Data | 红外吸收数据
The insert also gives infrared absorption ranges for common covalent bonds. This lets you identify functional groups from an IR spectrum. You do not need to memorise the exact ranges, but you must be able to read the table and link a peak to a bond.
插页还给出了常见共价键的红外吸收范围。这能让你从红外光谱中识别官能团。你不需要记住精确范围，但必须能读懂表格，并把吸收峰与化学键联系起来。
| Bond | Wavenumber range / cm⁻¹ |
|---|---|
| O−H in alcohols and phenols | 3200 − 3550 |
| C=O in aldehydes, ketones, acids | 1650 − 1750 |
| C−O in alcohols, ethers | 1000 − 1300 |
| C−H in alkanes, alkenes, arenes | 2850 − 3300 |
gests an O−H alcohol group. A sharp peak at about 1720 cm⁻¹ suggests a C=O carbonyl group.
在考试作答时，通过将峰值位置与所给表格匹配来识别官能团。例如，约3340 cm⁻¹处的宽峰表明存在O−H醇基。约1720 cm⁻¹处的尖峰表明存在C=O羰基。
7. Formulas You Must Apply | 必须使用的公式
The insert gives data, but the formula sheet is usually printed on the question paper. You must still know which equation fits the question. The main AS calculation formulas are listed below.
插页提供数据，但公式表通常印在试卷上。你仍然必须知道哪条公式适合题目。下面列出AS阶段主要的计算公式。
| Quantity | Equation |
|---|---|
| Moles from mass | n = m / M |
| Concentration | c = n / V |
| Ideal gas equation | pV = nRT |
| Percentage yield | (actual mass / theoretical mass) × 100% |
| Atom economy | (molar mass of desired product / total molar mass of reactants) × 100% |
= 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹. Convert °C to K by adding 273, and cm³ to m³ by dividing by 1 000 000.
使用理想气体方程时，要检查p的单位是Pa，V的单位是m³，n的单位是mol，T的单位是K，以及R = 8.31 J K⁻¹ mol⁻¹。将°C转换为K要加上273，将cm³转换为m³要除以1 000 000。
8. Common Mistakes with Insert Data | 使用插页数据的常见错误
One common mistake is using the atomic number instead of the relative atomic mass in mole calculations. The atomic number is normally the smaller whole number, while the relative atomic mass can be a decimal. For chlorine, 17 is the atomic number, but 35.5 is the Aᵣ value you need for moles.
一个常见错误是在摩尔计算中使用原子序数而不是相对原子质量。原子序数通常是较小的整数，而相对原子质量可能是小数。对于氯，17是原子序数，而摩尔计算需要的Aᵣ值是35.5。
Another mistake is misreading bond enthalpy signs. Bond breaking is positive and bond forming is negative. If you write both as positive or both as negative, the final ΔH will be wrong. Also, students sometimes forget to multiply the bond enthalpy by the number of bonds shown in the molecule.
另一个错误是读错键焓的正负号。断键为正，成键为负。如果你把两者都写成正或都写成负，最终的ΔH就会出错。此外，学生有时会忘记将键焓乘以分子中显示的键的数量。
ften quote a range without linking it to a functional group. The examiner wants the answer 'C=O carbonyl group', not just '1650 − 1750 cm⁻¹'. Always connect the value from the insert to the chemical meaning.
在红外光谱题中，学生经常只引用范围，而没有把它与官能团联系起来。考官希望看到“C=O羰基”这样的答案，而不仅仅是“1650 − 1750 cm⁻¹”。始终要把插页中的数值与化学意义联系起来。
9. Step-by-Step Exam Strategy | 考试策略分步
First, read the question once and circle the data you will need. Then open the insert only for the values you have circled. Do not read the insert from beginning to end during the exam, because this wastes time.
首先，读一遍题目，圈出你需要的资料。然后仅查找你圈出的插页数值。考试时不要从头到尾翻阅插页，因为这会浪费时间。
he values down with their units before substituting into a formula. For example, write n = ? = 46.0 g mol⁻¹. This makes it easy to check your working if the answer looks unreasonable.
第二，在代入公式之前，写下所有数值及其单位。例如，写出n = ?，m = 4.60 g，M = 46.0 g mol⁻¹。这样，如果答案看起来不合理，你就能很方便地检查计算过程。
Third, always give your final answer to the same number of significant figures as the least accurate data you used. If the insert gives Aᵣ values to one decimal place, give your final answer to three significant figures unless the question says otherwise.
第三，最终答案的有效数字位数应与你所用的最不精确的数据一致。如果插页给出的Aᵣ值保留一位小数，除非题目另有说明，否则最终答案应保留三位有效数字。
10. Quick Check Questions | 快速自测题
Try these short questions using only the insert data and the formulas above.
只用插页数据和上述公式，尝试回答以下简短问题。
Question 1: Calculate the amount, in mol, of 7.10 g of chlorine atoms. Use Cl = 35.5.
问题1：计算7.10 g氯原子的物质的量，单位为mol。使用Cl = 35.5。
Question 2: A sample of sodium carbonate Na₂CO₃ contains 0.500 mol. What is its mass? Use Na = 23.0, C = 12.0, O = 16.0.
问题2：0.500 mol碳酸钠Na₂CO₃的质量是多少？使用Na = 23.0，C = 12.0，O = 16.0。
Question 3: An IR spectrum shows a strong sharp peak at 1715 cm⁻¹. Which functional group is most likely present?
问题3：某红外光谱在1715 cm⁻¹处出现强尖峰。最可能存在哪种官能团？
= 0.200 mol. 2: M = 106.0 g mol⁻¹, so m = 0.500 × 106.0 = 53.0 g. 3: A C=O carbonyl group.
答案：1：n = 7.10 / 35.5 = 0.200 mol。2：M = 106.0 g mol⁻¹，因此m = 0.500 × 106.0 = 53.0 g。3：C=O羰基。
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