📚 Mastering AS AQA Chemistry Insert 2 (June 2022): Spectral Data and Organic Analysis | 掌握 AS AQA 化学 2022 年 6 月 Insert 2：光谱数据与有机分析
The June 2022 AS AQA Chemistry Insert 2 is one of the most practical resources in Paper 2, yet many students only glance at it under exam pressure. This insert usually contains the spectral data needed for organic analysis questions, such as mass spectra, infrared spectra, and reference tables for characteristic absorptions. This article breaks down exactly how to read the insert, what the examiner expects, and how to turn raw spectral data into correct structural answers.
2022 年 6 月 AS AQA 化学 Insert 2 是 Paper 2 中最实用的资源之一，但许多学生只是在考试压力下匆匆扫一眼。这份 insert 通常包含有机分析题所需的光谱数据，例如质谱图、红外光谱图，以及特征吸收的参考表。本文将详细讲解如何读取 insert、考官的要求，以及如何将原始光谱数据转化为正确的结构答案。
1. What Is Insert 2 in AS AQA Chemistry? | AS AQA 化学中的 Insert 2 是什么？
In AS AQA Chemistry Paper 2, Insert 2 is usually a separate booklet that carries the spectra and reference data needed for organic analysis questions. It may include mass spectra, infrared spectra, and a small table of IR absorption values. You are not expected to memorise the exact spectra, but you must know how to interpret them quickly and accurately.
在 AS AQA 化学 Paper 2 中，Insert 2 通常是一份单独的小册子，包含有机分析题所需的谱图和参考数据。它可能包括质谱图、红外光谱图，以及一个小型红外吸收值表。你不需要记住具体谱图，但必须知道如何快速、准确地解读它们。
Many candidates lose marks because they treat the insert as a passive reference. The examiner will always ask you to use a peak, a band, or a fragment to justify an answer. Always quote the numerical value from the insert, such as m/z 43 or 1720 cm⁻¹.
许多考生失分是因为他们把 insert 当作被动的参考资料。考官总是要求你用峰、吸收带或碎片离子来证明答案。一定要引用 insert 中的数值，例如 m/z 43 或 1720 cm⁻¹。
2. Reading Mass Spectra: The Basics | 读取质谱图：基础知识
A mass spectrum in Insert 2 plots relative abundance on the vertical axis against mass-to-charge ratio, m/z, on the horizontal axis. The tallest peak is the base peak and is assigned 100 percent relative abundance. The molecular ion peak, usually labelled M⁺, gives the relative molecular mass of the compound if the peak is visible.
Insert 2 中的质谱图以纵轴表示相对丰度，横轴表示质荷比 m/z。最高的峰是基峰，其相对丰度被定为 100%。分子离子峰通常标记为 M⁺，如果该峰可见，就可给出化合物的相对分子质量。
For organic molecules, the molecular ion peak is not always the base peak because the molecule often fragments inside the mass spectrometer. You must look beyond the base peak and identify the key fragment ions. Each fragment ion has a positive charge and is detected because of its m/z value.
对于有机分子，分子离子峰不一定是基峰，因为分子在质谱仪中常常发生碎裂。你必须观察基峰之外的峰，并识别关键的碎片离子。每个碎片离子带正电荷，因其 m/z 值而被检测到。
3. Key Fragment Ions for AS AQA Chemistry | AS AQA 化学中的关键碎片离子
The most common fragment ions in AS AQA organic analysis come from alkyl chains and oxygen-containing functional groups. Recognising these values helps you piece together a carbon skeleton. The table below lists useful fragments to look for in the insert.
AS AQA 有机分析中最常见的碎片离子来自烷基链和含氧官能团。识别这些数值有助于你拼出碳骨架。下表列出了在 insert 中需要注意的常见碎片离子。
| Fragment | m/z | Possible source |
|---|---|---|
| CH₃⁺ | 15 | Methyl group |
| C₂H₅⁺ | 29 | Ethyl group |
| C₃H₇⁺ | 43 | Propyl group or CH₃CO⁺ |
| C₄H₉⁺ | 57 | Butyl group |
| CH₂OH⁺ | 31 | Primary alcohols |
| CH₃CHOH⁺ | 45 | Secondary alcohols |
Alcohols often show a significant fragment at M – t m/z 56 from the loss of water. Look for this pattern when the infrared spectrum suggests an O-H group.
醇类经常在 M – 18 处出现明显碎片，这是失去水分子 H₂O 造成的。例如，相对分子质量为 74 的丁醇可能在 m/z 56 处显示失去水后的峰。当红外光谱提示存在 O-H 基团时，要注意这种模式。
4. Reading Infrared Spectra: The Basics | 读取红外光谱图：基础知识
An infrared spectrum in Insert 2 shows percentage transmittance on the y-axis and wavenumber in cm⁻¹ on the x-axis. The x-axis usually runs from about 4000 cm⁻¹ on the left down to about 400 cm⁻¹ on the right. A downward peak means the sample absorbed infrared radiation at that wavenumber.
Insert 2 中的红外光谱图以纵轴表示透光率，横轴表示波数，单位为 cm⁻¹。横轴通常从左侧约 4000 cm⁻¹ 一直延伸到右侧约 400 cm⁻¹。向下的峰表示样品在该波数处吸收了红外辐射。
Infrared radiation makes covalent bonds stretch and bend. Different bonds absorb at different wavenumbers because their bond strength and the masses of the atoms differ. You only need to recognise the main functional group absorptions, not every single peak.
红外辐射会使共价键发生伸缩和弯曲振动。不同的键在不同波数处吸收红外光，因为键强和原子质量不同。你只需要识别主要官能团的吸收峰，而不需要解读每一个峰。
5. IR Absorption Table You Must Know | 必须掌握的红外吸收表
The Insert 2 reference table usually matches the values below from the AQA Data Sheet. Use these ranges to identify functional groups from the infrared spectrum. Quote the actual value from the insert when you justify your answer in the exam.
Insert 2 中的参考表通常与下面 AQA 数据表中的数值一致。使用这些范围来从红外光谱图识别官能团。考试中解释答案时，请引用 insert 中的实际数值。
| Bond | Wavenumber / cm⁻¹ | Feature |
|---|---|---|
| O-H (alcohols, phenols) | 3200-3550 | Broad, strong |
| O-H (carboxylic acids) | 2500-3300 | Very broad |
| C-H | 2850-3300 | Strong, sharp |
| C=O | 1680-1750 | Sharp, strong |
| C-O | 1000-1300 | Strong |
| C=C | 1620-1680 | Medium to weak |
| C≡C | 2100-2260 | Weak, sharp |
| C≡N | 2220-2260 | Weak, sharp |
gion. A sharp C=O band between 1680 and 1750 cm⁻¹ is strong evidence for a carbonyl group.
O-H 吸收比 C-H 吸收更宽，这是因为氢键的作用。羧酸的 O-H 吸收带特别宽，常常与 C-H 区域重叠。在 1680 至 1750 cm⁻¹ 之间出现尖锐的 C=O 吸收带，是羰基的有力证据。
6. Combining Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Data | 结合质谱与红外数据
The real skill in AS AQA organic analysis is using the two spectra together. The mass spectrum gives you the relative molecular mass and carbon skeleton fragments. The infrared spectrum tells you which functional groups are present. Combine these clues to build a structural formula.
AS AQA 有机分析中真正的技能在于同时使用两种谱图。质谱图给出相对分子质量和碳骨架碎片。红外光谱图告诉你存在哪些官能团。结合这些线索来构建结构式。
A sensible working order is: first
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