📚 AQA A Level Chemistry June 2018 Insert 3: Data Tables and Exam Technique | AQA A Level 化学 2018年6月3号卷插入表：数据表与应试技巧
The June 2018 Insert 3 for AQA A Level Chemistry Paper 3 is a compact data booklet used in the synoptic exam. It contains the essential NMR, IR and electrochemical tables that you must interpret quickly and accurately. This article breaks down each table, explains how to use it under timed conditions, and highlights the common mistakes that cost marks.
2018 年 6 月 AQA A Level 化学试卷 3 的插入表 3 是一份用于综合考试的简明数据手册。它包含你必须快速、准确解读的 NMR、IR 和电化学数据表。本文逐一拆解这些表格，说明如何在限时条件下使用它们，并指出导致失分的常见错误。
1. What the June 2018 Insert 3 Contains | 2018 年 6 月插入表 3 包含什么
Insert 3 is not a question paper; it is a data supplement. In the June 2018 Paper 3 series, the insert typically provides 1H NMR chemical shift ranges, 13C NMR chemical shift ranges, IR absorption frequencies, and selected standard electrode potentials. Some versions also include a small periodic table and key formulae.
插入表 3 不是试卷，而是数据补充材料。在 2018 年 6 月试卷 3 系列中，该插入表通常提供 1H NMR 化学位移范围、13C NMR 化学位移范围、IR 吸收频率以及选定的标准电极电势。有些版本还包括小张周期表和关键公式。
Because Paper 3 is synoptic and includes practical and data-analysis questions, the insert is designed to test whether you can apply data rather than simply recall it. You must know what each table tells you and how to link it to an unknown compound or a redox reaction.
由于试卷 3 具有综合性，并包含实验与数据分析题，插入表旨在考查你是否能应用数据，而不仅仅是回忆数据。你必须知道每张表说明什么，以及如何将其与未知化合物或氧化还原反应联系起来。
2. Reading 1H NMR Chemical Shifts | 读懂 1H NMR 化学位移
The 1H NMR table gives chemical shift ranges for protons in different environments. Use the range, not a single value, because the exact shift depends on solvent, concentration and hydrogen bonding. AQA expects you to match a proton environment to its range and then combine this with integration and splitting information from the spectrum.
1H NMR 表给出了不同环境中质子的化学位移范围。应使用范围而不是单一数值，因为确切位移取决于溶剂、浓度和氢键。AQA 希望你将质子环境与其范围匹配，然后再结合谱图中的积分和裂分信息。
| Type of proton | 质子类型 | Typical δ / ppm | 典型 δ 值 |
|---|---|
| R-CH₃ | 0.7 – 1.3 |
| R-CH₂-R | 1.2 – 1.4 |
| R₃CH | 1.5 – 1.6 |
| R-CO-CH₃ | 2.0 – 3.0 |
| R-CH=CH₂ | 4.5 – 6.0 |
| Ar-H | 6.0 – 8.5 |
| R-OH | 0.5 – 5.0 (variable) |
| R-CHO | 9.0 – 10.0 |
| R-COOH | 10.0 – 12.0 |
| R-NH₂ | 1.0 – 5.0 (variable) |
The aldehyde proton at δ 9.0–10.0 and the carboxylic acid proton at δ 10.0–12.0 are especially diagnostic. If you see a singlet integrating for 1H in that region, you should immediately consider an aldehyde or carboxylic acid group.
δ 9.0–10.0 的醛基质子和 δ 10.0–12.0 的羧酸质子尤其具有诊断意义。如果你在该区域看到一个积分为 1H 的单峰，应立即考虑醛基或羧酸基团。
Remember that OH and NH protons can be broad and may disappear after shaking with D₂O. The insert gives a wide range for these because hydrogen bonding shifts them unpredictably.
请记住，OH 和 NH 质子可能较宽，并且在用 D₂O 振摇后可能消失。插入表为它们给出了较宽的范围，因为氢键会使它们的位移发生不可预测的变化。
3. Interpreting 13C NMR Environments | 解读 13C NMR 环境
In 13C NMR, each non-equivalent carbon atom produces one peak. The number of signals therefore tells you how many distinct carbon environments exist in the molecule. The chemical shift then tells you which functional group that carbon belongs to.
在 13C NMR 中，每个非等效碳原子产生一个峰。因此信号数量告诉你分子中有多少种不同的碳环境。化学位移则告诉你该碳属于哪个官能团。
| Carbon environment | 碳环境 | Typical δ / ppm | 典型 δ 值 |
|---|---|
| C-C alkane | 烷烃碳 | 0 – 35 |
| C-Cl / C-Br | 10 – 70 |
| C-O alcohol or ether | 醇或醚碳 | 50 – 90 |
| C≡N nitrile | 腈碳 | 115 – 125 |
| C=C alkene or aromatic | 烯烃或芳香碳 | 110 – 160 |
| C=O ester or acid | 酯或酸羰基碳 | 160 – 185 |
| C=O aldehyde or ketone | 醛或酮羰基碳 | 190 – 220 |
A carbonyl carbon in an aldehyde or ketone appears far downfield at δ 190–220. If the molecule has six carbon atoms and the 13C spectrum shows a peak at δ 205, you can confidently assign it to a ketone rather than an ester.
醛或酮中的羰基碳出现在远低场 δ 190–220。如果分子有六个碳原子，而 13C 谱在 δ 205 处显示一个峰，你可以确信它属于酮而不是酯。
Always pair the number of 13C peaks with the molecular formula to detect symmetry. For example, a symmetrical aromatic compound such as 1,4-dimethylbenzene shows fewer carbon signals than expected because equivalent carbons are counted once.
始终将 13C 峰的数量与分子式结合，以判断对称性。例如，对称芳香化合物如 1,4-二甲基苯显示的碳信号数少于预期，因为等效碳只计算一次。
4. IR Absorption Frequencies and Functional Groups | IR 吸收频率与官能团
The IR table helps you identify bonds from their stretching frequencies. AQA questions usually provide the IR spectrum or list one or two major absorptions and ask you to deduce the functional group. Focus on the strong, characteristic peaks rather than the fingerprint region.
IR 表帮助你根据键的伸缩频率识别键的类型。AQA 题目通常给出 IR 谱图或列出一两个主要吸收峰，要求你推断官能团。应重点关注强而特征峰，而不是指纹区。
| Bond | 键 | Wavenumber / cm⁻¹ | 波数 | Appearance | 特征 |
|---|---|---|
| O-H alcohol | 醇 O-H | 3200 – 3550 | broad | 宽 |
| O-H acid | 酸 O-H | 2500 – 3000 | very broad | 很宽 |
| N-H | 3300 – 3500 | sharp or medium | 尖或中等 |
| C-H | 2850 – 3300 | variable | 可变 |
| C≡N | 2200 – 2300 | sharp | 尖 |
| C=O | 1680 – 1750 | strong | 强 |
| C=C | 1620 – 1680 | variable | 可变 |
| C-O | 1000 – 1300 | strong | 强 |
If the IR spectrum shows a broad absorption at 3200–3550 cm⁻¹, do not automatically write "alcohol". It could be an O-H in an alcohol, but it could also be water or a phenol. Use the C-O absorption at 1000–1300 cm⁻¹ and the NMR data to confirm the structure.
如果 IR 谱图在 3200–3550 cm⁻¹ 处出现宽吸收，不要自动写“醇”。它可能是醇中的 O-H，但也可能是水或酚。应利用 1000–1300 cm⁻¹ 处的 C-O 吸收以及 NMR 数据来确认结构。
and extends below 3000 cm⁻¹, often overlapping the C-H absorptions. A broad band near 2500–3000 cm⁻¹ is a strong hint for a carboxylic acid, especially if C=O is also present.
羧酸 O-H 伸缩振动非常宽，并延伸到 3000 cm⁻¹ 以下，常与 C-H 吸收重叠。2500–3000 cm⁻¹ 附近的宽吸收是羧酸的强烈提示，尤其是同时还存在 C=O 时。
5. Standard Electrode Potentials and Feasibility | 标准电极电势与反应可行性
The insert gives selected standard reduction potentials as half-equations written in the reduction direction. A cell reaction is feasible if the overall cell potential is positive under standard conditions.
插入表以还原方向书写的半反应方程式形式给出选定的标准还原电势。如果标准条件下总电池电势为正，则电池反应可行。
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