📚 AQA A-Level Chemistry Insert 4 (Jan 22): NMR and IR Data Tables Explained | AQA A-Level化学Insert 4（2022年1月）：NMR与IR数据表解析
In AQA A-level Chemistry exams, the insert is more than a data sheet: it is a problem-solving tool. Insert 4 from the January 2022 series provides the key NMR and infrared reference ranges needed to identify organic structures under timed conditions.
在AQA A-level化学考试中，插入表不仅仅是数据表，更是解题工具。2022年1月系列的Insert 4提供了关键的核磁共振和红外参考范围，帮助你在限时条件下推断有机结构。
1. What Is Insert 4? | 什么是Insert 4？
Insert 4 is the data insert issued with AQA 7405 Chemistry papers. It contains selected ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR and infrared absorption data that candidates are allowed to use during the exam.
Insert 4是随AQA 7405化学试卷发放的数据插页。它包含考试中允许使用的¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和红外吸收数据。
The January 2022 insert follows the standard AQA data booklet structure, but many students lost marks by not cross-referencing the tables efficiently. Understanding its layout is a straightforward way to improve accuracy.
2022年1月的插入表沿用AQA标准数据手册的结构，但许多学生因未能高效交叉查表而失分。熟悉其布局是提高准确性的直接方法。
2. Why Insert 4 Matters for the Jan 22 Series | 为何Insert 4对2022年1月考试重要
In the January 2022 papers, structure determination questions appeared frequently in Paper 2 and Paper 3. Candidates had to combine IR, ¹H NMR and ¹³C NMR evidence to identify unknown organic molecules.
在2022年1月试卷中，结构推断题频繁出现在Paper 2和Paper 3中。考生需要结合IR、¹H NMR和¹³C NMR证据来鉴定未知有机分子。
The insert gives you the expected chemical shift ranges and absorption frequencies, so you do not need to memorise every value. However, you must know how to apply them to a spectrum.
插入表提供了预期的化学位移范围和吸收频率，因此你不必记住每个数值。但是，你必须知道如何将它们应用到谱图中。
3. ¹H NMR Data in Insert 4 | Insert 4中的¹H NMR数据
The ¹H NMR table lists chemical shift ranges (δ, ppm) for protons in different chemical environments. All values are measured relative to TMS.
¹H NMR表列出了不同化学环境下质子的化学位移范围（δ, ppm）。所有数值都以TMS为基准。
Typical ranges include alkyl protons at δ 0.7–1.6, protons on a carbon next to a carbonyl group at δ 2.1–2.6, and protons next to electronegative atoms such as O or Cl at δ 3.3–4.1.
典型范围包括烷基质子在δ 0.7–1.6，与羰基相邻碳上的质子在δ 2.1–2.6，与电负性原子（如O或Cl）相邻的质子在δ 3.3–4.1。
Aldehyde protons appear at δ 9.3–9.8, and carboxylic acid protons are often very broad at δ 10.0–12.0. Phenol protons usually appear around δ 8.5–9.5.
醛基质子出现在δ 9.3–9.8，羧酸质子通常非常宽，在δ 10.0–12.0。酚羟基质子通常在δ 8.5–9.5附近。
| Proton environment | δ / ppm |
|---|---|
| RCH₃ | 0.7–1.2 |
| RCH₂R | 1.2–1.4 |
| RCOCH₃ | 2.1–2.6 |
| RCH₂OH / RCH₂Cl | 3.3–3.8 |
| RCHO | 9.3–9.8 |
| RCOOH | 10.0–12.0 |
4. Interpreting ¹H NMR Spectra Using Insert 4 | 使用Insert 4解析¹H NMR谱图
First count the number of signal groups to find the number of non-equivalent proton environments. This tells you how many distinct positions exist in the molecule.
首先数信号组数，以确定不等价质子环境的数量。这能告诉你分子中存在多少种不同的位置。
Use the integration ratios to find the relative number of protons in each environment. Splitting patterns follow the n+1 rule, where n is the number of protons on adjacent carbon atoms.
用积分比找出每个环境中的质子相对数量。裂分规律遵循n+1规则，其中n是相邻碳上的质子数。
Always link the splitting to the number of protons on adjacent carbon atoms, not the protons producing the signal itself. For example, a triplet means the neighbouring carbon carries two protons.
始终将裂分与相邻碳上的质子数联系起来，而不是与产生信号的质子本身。例如，三重峰意味着相邻碳上有两个质子。
5. ¹³C NMR Data in Insert 4 | Insert 4中的¹³C NMR数据
The ¹³C NMR table gives δ ranges for carbon atoms in different chemical environments. Each non-equivalent carbon usually produces one peak, so the number of peaks equals the number of distinct carbon environments.
¹³C NMR表给出不同环境下碳原子的δ范围。每个不等价碳通常产生一个峰，因此峰数等于不同碳环境的数量。
Saturated C–C carbons appear around δ 5–55, carbons bonded to oxygen around δ 50–70, and carbonyl carbons in aldehydes and ketones around δ 190–220.
饱和C–C碳原子出现在δ 5–55附近，与氧键合的碳在δ 50–70附近，醛和酮中的羰基碳在δ 190–220附近。
Esters and carboxylic acid carbonyl carbons are more shielded, typically at δ 160–185. Nitrile carbon atoms appear around δ 110–125.
酯和羧酸中的羰基碳屏蔽更强，通常在δ 160–185。腈基碳原子出现在δ 110–125附近。
6. Infrared Absorption Data in Insert 4 | Insert 4中的红外吸收数据
Insert 4 includes a table of characteristic IR absorption ranges for common bonds. IR identifies functional groups, not the complete structure, so it is best used as a first filter.
Insert 4包含常见化学键的特征红外吸收范围表。红外用于识别官能团，而不是完整结构，因此最好将其作为初步筛选工具。
A broad O–H absorption around 3200–3550 cm⁻¹ suggests an alcohol or phenol, while a very broad O–H from 2500–3000 cm⁻¹ is typical of a carboxylic acid.
3200–3550 cm⁻¹附近的宽O–H吸收表明醇或酚，而2500–3000 cm⁻¹的非常宽O–H是羧酸的典型特征。
A sharp C=O stretch around 1700– mpound. The exact range helps distinguish aldehydes, ketones, esters and carboxylic acids.
1700–1750 cm⁻¹附近的尖锐C=O伸缩振动指向羰基化合物。精确范围有助于区分醛、酮、酯和羧酸。
C≡N nitriles show a sharp band at 2200–2260 cm⁻¹, which is easy to spot because few other absorptions appear in that region.
腈类的C≡N在220
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