📚 KS3 CIE Types of Energy Wordsearch | KS3 CIE 能量类型单词搜索
In the KS3 CIE science course, energy is one of the most important ideas you will meet. This article reviews the main types of energy using a wordsearch-style study approach, so you can link each key term to a clear definition and example. By the end, you should be able to identify energy stores and describe simple energy transfers confidently.
在 KS3 CIE 科学课程中，能量是你将接触到的最重要的概念之一。本文以单词搜索的学习方式复习主要的能量类型，帮助你为每个关键词匹配清晰的定义和例子。学完本文后，你应该能够自信地识别能量储存并描述简单的能量转移。
1. What is Energy? | 什么是能量？
Energy is the ability to do work or make things happen. It is measured in joules, which we write as J. Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transferred from one store to another or converted from one type of energy to another.
能量是做功或使事情发生的能力。能量的单位是焦耳，写作 J。能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭；它只能从一个储存转移到另一个储存，或从一种能量类型转换为另一种类型。
In CIE KS3, we often describe energy using stores such as kinetic, chemical, thermal, elastic potential and gravitational potential. A system is an object or group of objects we choose to study, and we track energy changes within that system.
在 CIE KS3 中，我们通常用动能、化学能、热能、弹性势能和重力势能等储存来描述能量。系统是我们选择研究的一个物体或一组物体，我们在该系统内追踪能量变化。
A simple example is a torch. The battery stores chemical energy, which is transferred to electrical energy in the wires, and then to light and thermal energy at the bulb. No energy disappears; some simply becomes less useful heat.
一个简单的例子是手电筒。电池储存化学能，化学能转化为导线中的电能，然后在灯泡处转化为光能和热能。没有能量消失；有些只是变成了不那么有用的热量。
2. Kinetic Energy | 动能
Kinetic energy is the energy an object has because it is moving. The faster an object moves, the more kinetic energy it has. A moving car, a running athlete, a spinning wind turbine and a rolling ball all store kinetic energy.
动能是物体由于运动而具有的能量。物体运动得越快，它的动能就越大。行驶的汽车、奔跑的运动员、旋转的风力涡轮机和滚动的球都储存着动能。
For a moving object, kinetic energy depends on mass and speed. The word equation is shown below. This relationship is important because doubling the speed gives four times the kinetic energy, which is one reason speed limits matter in road safety.
对于运动物体，动能取决于质量和速度。文字方程如下所示。这个关系很重要，因为速度加倍会使动能变为四倍，这也是道路安全中限速很重要的一个原因。
kinetic energy = ½ × mass × speed²
In a wind turbine, moving air has kinetic energy. The turbine blades transfer this kinetic energy to a generator, and the generator produces electrical energy. If there is no wind, there is no kinetic energy to transfer.
在风力涡轮机中，流动的空气具有动能。涡轮叶片把这种动能传递给发电机，发电机再产生电能。如果没有风，就没有动能可以转移。
3. Gravitational Potential Energy | 重力势能
Gravitational potential energy, often shortened to GPE, is the energy stored in an object because of its height above the ground. The higher an object is, the greater its gravitational potential energy. A book on a high shelf, a skier at the top of a slope and water behind a dam all have GPE.
重力势能，通常缩写为 GPE，是物体由于离地高度而储存的能量。物体越高，它的重力势能越大。高架子上的书、斜坡顶部的滑雪者和大坝后面的水都具有重力势能。
The amount of GPE depends on mass, gravitational field strength and height. On Earth, the gravitational field strength is about 10 N/kg. The word equation is:
GPE 的大小取决于质量、重力场强度和高度。在地球上，重力场强度约为 10 牛/千克。文字方程为：
GPE = mass × gravitational field strength × height
When an object falls, its GPE is transferred to kinetic energy. For example, a ball dropped from a height starts with GPE and gains kinetic energy as it speeds up. When it lands, most of the energy is transferred to thermal energy in the ball and the floor.
当物体下落时，它的重力势能转化为动能。例如，从高处落下的球开始时具有重力势能，随着速度增加而获得动能。当它落地时，大部分能量转化为球和地板的热能。
4. Elastic Potential Energy | 弹性势能
Elastic potential energy is stored when an object is stretched, squashed or twisted. Examples include a stretched rubber band, a compressed spring, a drawn bow and a squashed football. The energy is released when the object returns to its original shape.
弹性势能是物体被拉伸、压缩或扭转时储存的能量。例如拉长的橡皮筋、压缩的弹簧、拉开的弓和被压扁的足球。当物体恢复原状时，能量被释放出来。
A catapult is a useful model. When you pull back the elastic band, you store elastic potential energy. When you release it, that energy is transferred to kinetic energy of the projectile. The greater the extension, the more elastic potential energy is stored.
弹射器是一个有用的模型。当你拉回橡皮筋时，你就储存了弹性势能。当你松开时，能量转化为抛射物的动能。拉伸程度越大，储存的弹性势能就越多。
Some materials are elastic, which means they return to their original shape after being stretched or compressed. Materials that do not return to their original shape may store energy in different ways, often as thermal energy due to friction or deformation.
有些材料是弹性的，这意味着它们在拉伸或压缩后会恢复原状。不能恢复原状的材料可能以不同方式储存能量，通常是由于摩擦或变形而储存为热能。
5. Chemical Energy | 化学能
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of chemical substances. It is released during chemical reactions, such as burning fuels, digesting food or using a battery. Fuels like petrol, coal, natural gas and wood are all chemical energy stores.
化学能储存在化学物质的化学键中。它在化学反应过程中释放，例如燃烧燃料、消化食物或使用电池。汽油、煤、天然气和木材等燃料都是化学能储存。
In your body, food is a chemical store. Digestion and respiration transfer chemical energy to thermal energy to keep you warm and to kinetic energy so your muscles can move. A battery stores chemical energy that can be transferred to electrical energy in a circuit.
在你的身体里，食物是化学能储存。消化和呼吸把化学能转化为热能让你保持温暖，并转化为动能让你肌肉运动。电池储存化学能，可以在电路中转化为电能。
Burning a candle also shows a useful energy transfer. The wax has chemical energy, and when the candle burns, chemical energy is transferred to light and thermal energy. Some energy is always wasted as thermal energy that spreads into the surroundings.
点燃蜡烛也能展示有用的能量转移。蜡具有化学能，当蜡烛燃烧时，化学能转化为光能和热能。总有一部分能量以热能的形式浪费并散失到周围环境中。
6. Thermal Energy (Heat) | 热能
Thermal energy is the energy a substance has because of the movement of its particles. Hot objects have more thermal energy than cold objects because their particles are moving faster or vibrating more strongly. Heat always transfers from a hotter region to a cooler region.
热能是物质由于粒子运动而具有的能量。热的物体比冷的物体具有更多的热能，因为它们的粒子运动得更快或振动得更剧烈。热量总是从较热的区域转移到较冷的区域。
Thermal energy can be transferred by three processes: conduction, convection and radiation. Conduction happens mainly in solids, convection happens in liquids and gases, and radiation can travel through a vacuum. All three transfer energy from hotter places to cooler places.
热能可以通过三种过程传递：传导、对流和辐射。传导主要发生在固体中，对流发生在液体和气体中，辐射可以在真空中传播。这三种方式都把能量从较热的地方传递到较冷的地方。
When a kettle heats water, electrical energy is transferred to thermal energy in the heating element. This thermal energy is then transferred to the water by conduction and convection. The lid and sides of the kettle also become warm, which is wasted thermal energy.
当水壶加热水时，电能转化为加热元件中的热能。这些热能随后通过传导和对流传递给水。水壶的盖子和侧面也会变热，这就是浪费的热能。
7. Light Energy | 光能
Light energy is a form of electromagnetic radiation that we can see. It travels in straight lines and can be reflected, refracted and absorbed. The Sun is our main natural source of light energy, but lamps, candles and LEDs also produce light.
光能是我们可以看见的一种电磁辐射形式。它沿直线传播，可以被反射、折射和吸收。太阳是我们主要的自然光源，但灯、蜡烛和 LED 也会产生光。
Solar panels convert light energy into electrical energy. Plants use light energy for photosynthesis, converting it into chemical energy stored in glucose. This is one of the most important energy transfers for life on Earth.
太阳能电池板把光能转化为电能。植物利用光能进行光合作用，把光能转化为储存在葡萄糖中的化学能。这是地球上生命最重要的能量转移之一。
In a room, a lamp transfers electrical energy to light energy and thermal energy. The light energy is useful because it allows us to see. The thermal energy is usually wasted because it does not help us see, unless the lamp is used as a heater too.
在房间里，灯把电能转化为光能和热能。光能是有用的，因为它让我们看得见。热能通常是浪费掉的，因为它无助于我们看见，除非灯也被用作加热器。
8. Sound Energy | 声能
Sound energy is produced when objects vibrate. The vibrations travel through a medium such as air, water or a solid as longitudinal waves. Sound cannot travel through a vacuum because there are no particles to carry the vibrations.
声能是物体振动时产生的能量。振动以纵波的形式通过空气、水或固体等介质传播。声音不能在真空中传播，因为没有粒子来传递振动。
When you speak, your vocal cords vibrate and transfer energy to the air particles around them. The vibrations travel through the air to a listener's ear. Microphones convert sound energy into electrical energy, while loudspeakers convert electrical energy back into sound energy.
当你说话时，声带振动并把能量传递给周围的空气粒子。振动通过空气传到听者的耳朵。麦克风把声能转化为电能，而扬声器把电能转化回声能。
Some musical instruments, such as drums and guitars, store energy as elastic potential energy when a skin or string is stretched. When released, this energy is transferred to sound energy and also to thermal energy due to air resistance and friction.
一些乐器，如鼓和吉他，在鼓皮或琴弦被拉伸时储存弹性势能。当释放时，这些能量转化为声能，同时也由于空气阻力和摩擦转化为热能。
9. Electrical Energy | 电能
Electrical energy is transferred by moving electric charges, usually electrons, through a circuit. It is a very useful form of energy because it can be easily converted into light, heat, sound and movement. This makes electrical energy ideal for powering many devices.
电能是由移动的电荷（通常是电子）在电路中传递的能量。它是一种非常有用的能量形式，因为它可以很容易地转化为光、热、声和运动。这使得电能非常适合为许多设备供电。
Household appliances such as kettles, lamps, fans and televisions are energy transfer devices that use electrical energy. The electrical energy comes from a power station, a battery or a solar panel, and each appliance converts it into useful output energy plus wasted thermal energy.
水壶、灯具、风扇和电视等家用电器都是利用电能的能量转移设备。电能来自发电站、电池或太阳能电池板，每种电器都把它转化为有用的输出能量以及浪费的热能。
In a circuit, current is the rate of flow of charge, and voltage measures the energy transferred per unit charge. You will meet these ideas more formally in later KS3 and IGCSE topics, but for now remember that a complete circuit is needed for electrical energy to be transferred.
在电路中，电流是电荷流动的速率，电压衡量每单位电荷转移的能量。你将在 KS3 后期和 IGCSE 主题中更正式地学习这些概念，但现在要记住，需要完整的电路才能传递电能。
10. Nuclear Energy | 核能
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom. It is released during nuclear reactions such as fission and fusion. Nuclear power stations use fission of uranium atoms to generate electricity, which is then transferred to homes through power lines.
核能储存在原子核中。它在裂变和聚变等核反应过程中释放出来。核电站利用铀原子的裂变来发电，然后通过电线把电能输送到家庭。
The Sun releases energy through nuclear fusion, where hydrogen nuclei join to form helium. This process produces huge amounts of light and thermal energy, which travel to Earth as radiation. Without nuclear fusion in the Sun, life on Earth would not be possible.
太阳通过核聚变释放能量，氢原子核结合形成氦。这个过程产生大量的光和热，它们以辐射的形式到达地球。没有太阳中的核聚变，地球上的生命就不可能存在。
Nuclear energy is a very concentrated energy store. A small amount of nuclear fuel can produce much more energy than the same mass of coal or oil. However, nuclear power also produces radioactive waste, which must be handled very carefully.
核能是一种非常集中的能量储存。少量的核燃料能产生比相同质量的煤或石油多得多的能量。然而，核能也会产生放射性废物，必须非常小心地处理。
11. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
In CIE KS3, you need to describe energy changes using stores and transfers. For example, a falling ball transfers energy from the gravitational potential store to the kinetic store. A battery-powered torch transfers chemical energy to electrical energy, then to light and thermal energy.
在 CIE KS3 中，你需要用能量储存和转移来描述能量变化。例如，下落的球把重力势能储存转移到动能储存。电池供电的手电筒把化学能转化为电能，再转化为光能和热能。
The table below shows some common energy transfer examples. When you read each row, cover the right column and try to describe the energy transfer yourself before checking the answer.
下表展示了一些常见的能量转移例子。阅读每一行时，遮住右栏，先试着自己描述能量转移，然后再检查答案。
| Device / Situation | 设备/情境 | Energy Transfer | 能量转移 |
|---|---|
| Falling object | 下落物体 | GPE → kinetic | 重力势能 → 动能 |
| Stretched spring released | 释放的弹簧 | Published by TutorHao | KS3 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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