📚 KS3 CIE Year 7 Energy Scheme of Work | KS3 CIE 七年级能量教学计划
This scheme of work covers the key ideas in the CIE KS3 Year 7 Energy topic. It introduces the concept of energy, how it is stored and transferred, and why energy resources matter in everyday life. Pupils learn to use scientific vocabulary precisely, carry out simple calculations, and interpret energy diagrams.
本教学计划涵盖 CIE KS3 七年级“能量”主题的核心内容。它介绍能量的概念、能量的储存与转移方式，以及能源在日常生活中的重要性。学生将学会准确使用科学术语、进行简单计算，并解读能量图。
1. What is Energy? | 什么是能量？
Energy is the ability to do work. It is measured in joules (J). In everyday language, 'energy' is often used loosely, but in science it has a precise meaning.
能量是做功的能力。它以焦耳（J）为单位。日常用语中“能量”常被随意使用，但在科学中它有严格含义。
Objects can have energy because they are moving, hot, high up, stretched, or chemically reactive. A moving car, a hot cup of tea, and a stretched elastic band all store energy in different ways.
物体因运动、发热、处于高处、被拉伸或具有化学活性而拥有能量。行驶的汽车、热茶和拉伸的橡皮筋都以不同方式储存能量。
A joule is a small unit. One joule is roughly the energy needed to lift a small apple one metre. We often use kilojoules (kJ) for larger amounts of energy.
焦耳是一个小单位。1 焦耳大约是将一个小苹果举起 1 米所需的能量。对于更大的能量值，我们常用千焦（kJ）表示。
2. Energy Stores | 能量储存
There are eight common energy stores: kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic potential, thermal, nuclear, electrostatic, and magnetic.
常见能量储存有八种：动能、重力势能、化学能、弹性势能、热能、核能、静电势能和磁能。
| Energy store | 能量储存 | Example | 例子 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kinetic | 动能 | Moving car | 行驶的汽车 |
| Gravitational potential | 重力势能 | Raised object | 被举高的物体 |
| Chemical | 化学能 | Food, fuel, battery | 食物、燃料、电池 |
| Elastic potential | 弹性势能 | Stretched spring | 拉伸的弹簧 |
| Thermal | 热能 | Hot tea | 热茶 |
| Nuclear | 核能 | Atomic nucleus | 原子核 |
| Electrostatic | 静电势能 | Charged balloon | 带电的气球 |
| Magnetic | 磁能 | Two attracting magnets | 相互吸引的磁铁 |
Kinetic energy is stored in moving objects. Gravitational potential energy is stored in objects raised above the ground. The higher the object, the more gravitational potential energy it stores.
动能储存在运动物体中。重力势能储存在被举高的物体中。物体位置越高，储存的重力势能越多。
Chemical energy is stored in food, fuels, and batteries. Elastic potential energy is stored in stretched or compressed objects such as springs and rubber bands.
化学能储存在食物、燃料和电池中。弹性势能储存在被拉伸或压缩的物体中，例如弹簧和橡皮筋。
3. Energy Transfers | 能量转移
Energy can be transferred from one store to another by four main pathways: heating, working mechanically, working electrically, and radiation.
能量可通过四种主要途径从一个储存转移到另一个：加热、机械做功、电做功和辐射。
Example: A falling ball transfers gravitational potential energy to kinetic energy. As it falls, the gravitational potential store empties and the kinetic store fills.
例如：下落的球把重力势能转移为动能。下落时，重力势能储存减少，动能储存增加。
Example: A battery transfers chemical energy to electrical energy, then to light and thermal energy in a bulb. The light is useful, but the thermal energy is usually wasted.
例如：电池将化学能转移为电能，再在灯泡中转移为光能和热能。光能是有用的，但热能通常被浪费。
In any transfer, some energy is often dissipated, or spread out, as thermal energy to the surroundings. This makes the energy harder to use again.
在任何转移中，部分能量通常以热能形式耗散到周围环境中。这使得能量更难再次利用。
4. Conservation of Energy | 能量守恒
Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transferred, stored, or dissipated. This is the law of conservation of energy.
能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能被转移、储存或耗散。这就是能量守恒定律。
Total energy before a transfer equals total energy after the transfer. Scientists check this idea in every energy calculation and diagram.
转移前总能量等于转移后总能量。科学家在每次能量计算和图表中都会检验这一概念。
In a closed system, the total amount of energy remains constant. A closed system is one where no energy enters or leaves.
在封闭系统中，总能量保持不变。封闭系统是指没有能量进入或离开的系统。
Energy that is 'lost' has not disappeared. It has spread out and become less useful, usually as low-temperature thermal energy.
“损失”的能量并没有消失。它扩散出去，通常以低温热能形式存在，并变得更难利用。
5. Energy in Food | 食物中的能量
Food stores chemical energy. The amount of energy released from food is usually measured in kilojoules (kJ) or kilocalories (kcal).
食物储存化学能。食物释放的能量通常以千焦（kJ）或千卡（kcal）计量。
1 kJ = 1000 J
One kilojoule equals 1000 joules. Food labels often show energy per 100 g or per serving to help consumers compare products.
1 千焦等于 1000 焦耳。食品标签通常显示每 100 克或每份食物的能量，以帮助消费者比较产品。
Different foods provide different amounts of energy per gram. Fats provide about 37 kJ per gram, while carbohydrates and proteins provide about 17 kJ per gram.
不同食物每克提供不同能量。脂肪每克约提供 37 千焦能量，而碳水化合物和蛋白质每克约提供 17 千焦能量。
Comparing food labels helps pupils understand balanced diets and energy intake. A healthy diet matches energy intake with the body's energy needs.
比较食品标签有助于学生理解均衡饮食和能量摄入。健康饮食应使能量摄入与身体的能量需求相匹配。
6. Fuels and Energy Resources | 燃料与能源
Fuels are substances that release stored chemical energy when burned. Examples include coal, oil, natural gas, petrol, and wood.
燃料是燃烧时释放储存化学能的物质。例如煤、石油、天然气、汽油和木材。
Energy resources can be classified as renewable or non-renewable. This classification depends on how quickly the resource is replaced.
能源可分为可再生和不可再生两类。这种分类取决于资源的补充速度。
Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, took millions of years to form and are non-renewable. They are being used much faster than they are made.
化石燃料（煤、石油和天然气）需数百万年形成，属于不可再生能源。它们被使用的速度远远超过其形成速度。
Renewable resources are replenished quickly or continuously. Examples include solar, wind, hydro, geothermal, and biomass energy.
可再生能源能迅速或持续补充。例如太阳能、风能、水能、地热能和生物质能。
7. Renewable and Non-renewable Resources | 可再生与不可再生资源
Non-renewable resources will eventually run out. Burning them releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas that contributes to global warming.
不可再生资源终将耗尽。燃烧它们会释放二氧化碳，这是一种导致全球变暖的温室气体。
Renewable resources produce less air pollution during operation, but they may depend on weather or location. Wind turbines need wind, and solar panels work best in bright sunlight.
可再生能源运行时空气污染较少，但可能受天气或地点限制。风力涡轮机需要风，太阳能电池板在强阳光下工作效果最好。
Examples: solar panels convert light energy to electrical energy; wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind to electrical energy.
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