📚 KS3 CIE Muscles Worksheet Mark Scheme | KS3 CIE 肌肉工作表评分标准
This bilingual mark scheme supports students and teachers who are checking answers to a KS3 CIE muscles worksheet. It gives the expected scientific terms, common marking points and model answers so that you can see exactly where marks are awarded or lost.
本双语评分标准为学生和教师核对 KS3 CIE 肌肉工作表答案提供支持。它给出预期的科学术语、常见评分点和标准答案，帮助你准确了解分数的获得与丢失之处。
1. How the Mark Scheme Works | 评分标准如何使用
In CIE KS3 Science, a mark scheme lists the exact answers or acceptable alternatives. If a question asks you to name a muscle, only the correct scientific name such as biceps or triceps earns the mark.
在 CIE KS3 科学中，评分标准列出确切答案或可接受的替代答案。如果题目要求说出肌肉名称，只有肱二头肌或肱三头肌等正确科学名称才能得分。
Spelling must be clear enough to be recognised. A mark may be lost if the examiner cannot tell which structure you mean.
拼写必须清晰可辨。如果考官无法判断你指的是哪种结构，可能会扣分。
2. Types of Muscle | 肌肉类型
There are three types of muscle in the human body: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle is voluntary and attached to bones.
人体中有三种肌肉：骨骼肌、心肌和平滑肌。骨骼肌是随意肌，附着在骨骼上。
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and contracts without conscious control. Smooth muscle is found in the walls of organs such as the intestines and blood vessels.
心肌仅存在于心脏，不受意识控制而收缩。平滑肌存在于肠道和血管等器官壁中。
- Skeletal muscle - voluntary, attached to bone. | 骨骼肌 - 随意肌，附着于骨。
- Cardiac muscle - involuntary, found in the heart. | 心肌 - 不随意肌，位于心脏。
- Smooth muscle - involuntary, found in organ walls. | 平滑肌 - 不随意肌，位于器官壁。
3. Skeletal Muscle Structure | 骨骼肌结构
Skeletal muscles are made of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres. Each fibre contains many nuclei and protein strands that shorten during contraction.
骨骼肌由被称为肌纤维的长细胞束组成。每根肌纤维含有多个细胞核和在收缩时缩短的蛋白丝。
Mark schemes often award one mark for naming muscle fibres and one mark for stating that contraction makes the muscle shorter.
评分标准通常给说出肌纤维名称得 1 分，给表述收缩使肌肉缩短得 1 分。
4. Antagonistic Muscle Pairs | 拮抗肌对
Muscles can only pull, not push. Therefore they work in pairs called antagonistic pairs. One muscle contracts while the other relaxes.
肌肉只能拉，不能推。因此它们成对工作，称为拮抗肌对。一块肌肉收缩时，另一块放松。
At the elbow, the biceps and triceps are an antagonistic pair. When the biceps contracts, the elbow bends. When the triceps contracts, the elbow straightens.
在肘部，肱二头肌和肱三头肌是一对拮抗肌。肱二头肌收缩时，肘部弯曲；肱三头肌收缩时，肘部伸直。
biceps contracts → arm bends | triceps contracts → arm straightens
5. Tendons and Ligaments | 肌腱与韧带
A tendon attaches muscle to bone. A ligament attaches bone to bone. This is a high-frequency marking point.
肌腱将肌肉连接到骨骼。韧带将骨连接到骨。这是高频评分点。
If a worksheet asks for the role of a tendon, write: 'It attaches muscle to bone.' Do not write that it attaches bone to muscle or bone to bone.
如果工作表问肌腱的作用，请写：'它将肌肉连接到骨骼。' 不要写它连接骨和肌肉或骨和骨。
6. How Muscles Produce Movement | 肌肉如何产生运动
When a muscle contracts, it shortens and pulls on the tendon. The tendon then pulls on the bone, causing movement at a joint.
当肌肉收缩时，它缩短并拉动肌腱。肌腱再拉动骨骼，使关节产生运动。
answer should include the sequence: muscle contracts → tendon pulls on bone → joint moves.
满分答案应包含顺序：肌肉收缩 → 肌腱拉动骨骼 → 关节运动。
7. Muscle Contraction and Energy | 肌肉收缩与能量
Contraction requires energy. This energy comes from aerobic respiration, which uses glucose and oxygen.
收缩需要能量。这种能量来自有氧呼吸，消耗葡萄糖和氧气。
The word equation for aerobic respiration is:
有氧呼吸的文字方程式为：
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
This equation is a common marking point: one mark for the correct reactants and one mark for the correct products.
该方程式是常见评分点：正确写出反应物得 1 分，正确写出产物得 1
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