📚 Mastering Cambridge IGCSE Biology: Core Concepts and Exam Skills | 掌握剑桥 IGCSE 生物：核心概念与应试技巧
Cambridge IGCSE Biology (0610/0970) tests both factual recall and application. This article summarises the key topics and command words that frequently appear in CIE papers, helping you focus your revision on the most examinable content.
剑桥 IGCSE 生物（0610/0970）既考查知识记忆，也考查应用能力。本文总结了 CIE 试卷中常出现的核心主题和指令词，帮助你集中复习最易考的内容。
1. Characteristics and Classification | 生物特征与分类
All living organisms share seven life processes, often remembered by the acronym MRS GREN: movement, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion and nutrition. CIE questions often ask you to justify why an object is living or non-living using these criteria.
所有生物都共有七大生命活动，通常用 MRS GREN 来记忆：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。CIE 考题常要求你用这些标准判断某物体是生物还是非生物。
The classification system places species into kingdoms, with the main groups being animals, plants, fungi, prokaryotes and protoctists. Viruses are not classified as living because they do not carry out MRS GREN independently.
分类系统将物种分入界，主要类群包括动物、植物、真菌、原核生物和原生生物。病毒不属于生物分类，因为它们不能独立完成生命活动。
You must be able to use dichotomous keys to identify organisms from observable features such as body shape, number of legs and type of leaf venation.
你必须能使用二歧检索表，根据可观察特征（如体形、腿的数量和叶脉类型）来鉴定生物。
2. Cell Structure and Magnification | 细胞结构与放大倍数
Animal and plant cells share a cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, but plant cells also have a cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts and a permanent vacuole. Bacterial cells lack a true nucleus and have a circular chromosome.
动物和植物细胞都有细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核，但植物细胞还有纤维素细胞壁、叶绿体和永久液泡。细菌细胞没有真正的细胞核，只有环状染色体。
Magnification is calculated from the sizes of an image and the real object. The equation is:
放大倍数由图像大小与实际物体大小计算，公式如下：
Magnification = Image size ÷ Actual size
放大倍数 = 图像大小 ÷ 实际大小
When units are converted, remember that 1 mm = 1000 µm. Always show your working in calculations and include units in the final answer.
单位换算时，记住 1 mm = 1000 µm。计算题一定要写出过程，并在最终答案中写明单位。
3. Movement Across Membranes | 跨膜运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down a concentration gradient. It is passive and does not require energy.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域沿浓度梯度的净运动，属于被动运输，不消耗能量。
Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution.
渗透是水分子通过部分透膜从稀溶液向较浓溶液扩散的过程。
Active transport moves particles against the concentration gradient using energy from respiration. Carrier proteins in the membrane are required.
主动运输逆浓度梯度移动粒子，消耗呼吸作用释放的能量，需要膜上的载体蛋白参与。
4. Biological Molecules and Enzymes | 生物分子与酶
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids are built from smaller units: glucose and other simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids plus glycerol. CIE practicals often test for starch with iodine solution and for reducing sugars with Benedict's solution.
碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂质分别由小分子构成：葡萄糖等单糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸和甘油。CIE 实验常用碘液检测淀粉，用本尼迪特试剂检测还原糖。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions without being used up. Each enzyme has an active site that is complementary to its substrate, described by the lock-and-key model.
酶是生物催化剂，能加速反应而自身不被消耗。每种酶的活性部位与底物互补，这可用锁钥模型描述。
Temperature and pH affect enzyme activity. High temperatures denature the enzyme by changing the shape of the active site, so the substrate can no longer bind.
温度和 pH 影响酶活性。高温使酶变性，改变活性部位的形状，底物便无法结合。
5. Plant Nutrition and Photosynthesis | 植物营养与光合作用
on is carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen, in the presence of light and chlorophyll.
光合作用将光能转化为葡萄糖中的化学能。文字方程式为二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气，需要光和叶绿素。
The balanced chemical equation is:
配平的化学方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis by being broad and thin, having many chloroplasts in palisade cells, and possessing stomata for gas exchange. Glucose may be stored as starch because starch is insoluble.
叶片适应光合作用的结构包括宽而薄、栅栏组织细胞中含大量叶绿体、具有气孔进行气体交换。葡萄糖通常以淀粉形式储存，因为淀粉不溶于水。
A variegated leaf experiment can show that chlorophyll is needed for photosynthesis: only green areas turn blue-black with iodine after light exposure.
花斑叶实验可证明光合作用需要叶绿素：见光后，只有绿色区域遇碘变蓝黑色。
6. Human Nutrition and Digestion | 人体营养与消化
A balanced diet includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, minerals, water and dietary fibre. Deficiencies such as vitamin C deficiency cause scurvy, and iron deficiency causes anaemia.
均衡膳食包括碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂质、维生素、矿物质、水和膳食纤维。缺乏维生素 C 会引发坏血病，缺铁会引起贫血。
Mechanical digestion occurs in the mouth by teeth and in the stomach by churning. Chemical digestion uses enzymes such as amylase, protease and lipase.
机械消化发生在口腔（牙齿）和胃（蠕动搅拌）。化学消化依靠淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶等酶。
Villi in the small intestine increase surface area for absorption. Each villus has a single layer of epithelial cells, a lacteal for fatty acid absorption, and a dense capillary network.
小肠绒毛增加了吸收表面积。每条绒毛有单层上皮细胞、吸收脂肪酸的乳糜管以及密集的毛细血管网。
7. Transport in Plants and Animals | 动植物运输
Xylem transports water and mineral ions from roots to leaves. It is made of dead cells with lignin that provide support; water moves by transpiration pull.
木质部将水和矿质离子从根运输到叶。它由死细胞构成，木质素起支持作用；水分依靠蒸腾拉力向上运输。
Phloem transports sucrose and amino acids from sources to sinks in a process called translocation. This movement is bidirectional.
韧皮部将蔗糖和氨基酸从源运输到库，这一过程称为转运，方向是双向的。
The human circulatory system is a double circulation. The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs, and the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the body.
人体循环系统为双循环。心脏右侧将脱氧血泵入肺，左侧将含氧血泵入全身。
Arteries have thick muscular walls and carry blood away from the heart at high pressure. Veins have valves and carry blood back to the heart at lower pressure. Capillaries are one cell thick for exchange.
动脉壁厚且有肌肉，将血液以较高压力运离心脏。静脉有瓣膜，以较低压力将血液送回心脏。毛细血管只有一层细胞厚，便于物质交换。
8. Respiration and Gas Exchange | 呼吸与气体交换
→ carbon dioxide + water, and the balanced symbol equation is C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.
有氧呼吸在氧气存在下从葡萄糖释放能量。文字方程式为葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水；配平的符号方程式为 C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O。
Anaerobic respiration in muscle cells produces lactic acid and releases less energy. In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide, which is used in baking and brewing.
肌肉细胞的无氧呼吸产生乳酸，释放能量较少。酵母无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳，这一过程用于烘焙和酿酒。
The alveoli provide a large surface area for gas exchange. They have thin walls, a moist lining and a rich capillary supply. Oxygen diffuses into the blood while carbon dioxide diffuses out.
肺泡为气体交换提供巨大表面积。肺泡壁薄、内壁湿润且毛细血管丰富。氧气扩散进入血液，二氧化碳扩散排出。
9. Coordination, Reproduction and Inheritance | 协调、生殖与遗传
The nervous system uses electrical impulses along neurones. A reflex arc goes from receptor to sensory neurone to relay neurone to motor neurone to effector, bypassing conscious thought for speed.
神经系统沿神经元传递电冲动。反射弧从感受器到感觉神经元、中间神经元、运动神经元再到效应器，不经意识思考，因此反应快。
Hormones are chemical messengers transported in the blood. Insulin lowers blood glucose by converting glucose to glycogen in the liver, while glucagon raises blood glucose.
激素是由血液运输的化学信使。胰岛素通过使肝脏将葡萄糖转化为糖原而降低血糖；胰高血糖素则升高血糖。
In sexual reproduction, gametes fuse to restore the diploid chromosome number. A gene is a section of DNA coding for a protein; an allele is an alternative form of a gene. A monohybrid cross can predict offspring ratios such as 3:1.
在有性生殖中，配子融合恢复二倍体染色体数目。基因是编码蛋白质的一段 DNA；等位基因是基因的替代形式。单基因杂交可预测子代比例，如 3:1。
Natural selection acts on variation: individuals with advantageous alleles are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing those alleles to the next generation.
自然选择作用于变异：具有有利等位基因的个体更可能存活繁殖，并将这些等位基因传给下一代。
10. Ecology and Exam Skills | 生态与应试技巧
An ecosystem includes organisms and their physical environment. Energy flows along food chains, and only about 10% of energy is transferred between trophic levels. Energy is lost through movement, heat and uneaten parts.
生态系统包括生物及其物理环境。能量沿食物链流动，营养级之间大约只有 10% 的能量传递。能量通过运动、热和未被取食的部分散失。
Carbon is recycled through photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition and combustion. Nitrogen is recycled by nitrogen-fixing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria.
碳通过光合作用、呼吸作用、分解作用和燃烧循环。氮由固氮菌、硝化细菌和反硝化细菌完成循环。
In CIE papers, pay attention to command words: 'describe' asks what happens, 'explain' asks why it happens, and 'compare' asks for similarities and differences. Always use data from tables or graphs when a question says 'use the information'.
在 CIE 试卷中，注意指令词：describe 要求描述现象，explain 要求解释原因，compare 要求写出相同点和不同点。当题目要求 use the information 时，一定要引用表格或图表中的数据。
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