📚 Edexcel International GCSE Biology: Cell Structure and Function | 爱德思国际 GCSE 生物：细胞结构与功能
This revision guide focuses on the core topic of cell structure and function as covered in the Edexcel International GCSE (9-1) Biology Student Book by Philip Bradfield and Steve Potter. Understanding cells is fundamental to all areas of biology, from genetics to ecology.
本复习指南聚焦《爱德思国际 GCSE (9-1) 生物学生用书》（Philip Bradfield 和 Steve Potter 著）中的核心主题——细胞结构与功能。理解细胞是一切生物学领域的基础，从遗传学到生态学都离不开细胞知识。
1. The Cell Theory | 细胞学说
All living organisms are made up of cells, and cells are the basic structural and functional units of life.
所有生物体都由细胞构成，细胞是生命的基本结构和功能单位。
The cell theory states that new cells arise from pre-existing cells by cell division. This principle applies to animals, plants, fungi and bacteria, although the detailed structures differ.
细胞学说指出，新细胞由已有细胞通过细胞分裂产生。这一原理适用于动物、植物、真菌和细菌，尽管它们的详细结构有所不同。
2. Animal Cell Structure | 动物细胞结构
A typical animal cell contains a nucleus that controls cell activities and stores genetic material in the form of DNA.
典型动物细胞包含细胞核，细胞核控制细胞活动并以 DNA 形式储存遗传物质。
The cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance where many metabolic reactions occur, such as the first stage of glucose breakdown.
细胞质是一种果冻状物质，许多代谢反应在此发生，例如葡萄糖分解的第一阶段。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
细胞膜是一种选择透过性屏障，控制物质进出细胞。
Mitochondria are the sites of aerobic respiration, releasing energy from glucose for cellular activities. Ribosomes are small organelles that synthesise proteins using amino acids.
线粒体是有氧呼吸的场所，从葡萄糖中释放能量供细胞活动使用。核糖体是合成蛋白质的小细胞器，利用氨基酸制造蛋白质。
3. Plant Cell Structure | 植物细胞结构
Plant cells share the same basic organelles as animal cells but also have a rigid cell wall made of cellulose. The cell wall provides structural support and prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis.
植物细胞具有与动物细胞相同的基本细胞器，但还拥有由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁。细胞壁提供结构支撑，并防止细胞在水分通过渗透进入时胀破。
A large permanent vacuole contains cell sap, which stores water, ions and pigments, and helps maintain turgor pressure.
大液泡含有细胞液，储存水分、离子和色素，并有助于维持膨压。
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in glucose.
叶绿体含有叶绿素，是光合作用的场所，光能在此转化为葡萄糖中的化学能。
4. Bacterial Cells | 细菌细胞
Bacteria are prokaryotic organisms, meaning their cells lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their genetic material is a single circular chromosome of DNA located in the cytoplasm.
细菌是原核生物，其细胞没有真正的细胞核和膜结合细胞器。它们的遗传物质是位于细胞质中的一条环状 DNA 染色体。
In addition, bacteria often contain small rings of DNA called plasmids, which can carry genes for antibiotic resistance. They have a cell wall but its chemical composition differs from plant cell walls.
此外，细菌通常含有称为质粒的小环状 DNA，质粒可能携带抗生素抗性基因。它们有细胞壁，但化学成分与植物细胞壁不同。
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