📚 IB Economics with Tragakes: Core Concepts and Exam Strategies | IB 经济学 Tragakes 教材：核心概念与考试策略
The IB Diploma Programme Economics course, supported by Ellie Tragakes' widely used textbook, asks students to move beyond memorisation and apply economic theory to real-world issues. This article breaks down the syllabus, core concepts, and exam strategies that frequently appear in IB assessments.
IB 文凭课程的经济学以 Ellie Tragakes 编写并被广泛使用的教材为基础，要求学生超越死记硬背，将经济理论应用于现实问题。本文分解课程大纲、核心概念以及 IB 评估中经常出现的考试策略。
1. The IB Economics Syllabus at a Glance | IB 经济学课程大纲概览
The IB Economics course is divided into four sections: Introduction to Economics, Microeconomics, Macroeconomics, and The Global Economy. Both SL and HL students study the same core content, but HL candidates cover additional quantitative topics and sit an extra Paper 3 examination with calculations and short-answer questions.
IB 经济学课程分为四个部分：经济学导论、微观经济学、宏观经济学和全球经济。SL 和 HL 学生学习相同的核心内容，但 HL 学生还要学习额外的定量专题，并参加包含计算和简答题的试卷三。
Internal assessment is compulsory for all students and consists of a portfolio of three commentaries based on news articles. Each commentary must focus on a different key concept: scarcity, choice, efficiency, equity, economic well-being, sustainability, change, interdependence, or intervention. The final grade combines external examinations and the internal assessment portfolio.
内部评估是所有学生的必修内容，由三篇基于新闻文章的评论组成。每篇评论必须围绕一个不同的关键概念：稀缺性、选择、效率、公平、经济福祉、可持续性、变化、相互依存或干预。最终成绩结合外部考试和内部评估组合。
2. Scarcity, Choice and Opportunity Cost | 稀缺性、选择与机会成本
Economics is fundamentally the study of how society allocates scarce resources among competing wants. Scarcity means that resources are limited relative to unlimited human wants, so individuals, firms and governments must make choices. Every choice involves an opportunity cost: the value of the next best alternative foregone.
经济学本质上是研究社会如何在相互竞争的需求之间配置稀缺资源。稀缺性意味着资源相对于无限的人类欲望是有限的，因此个人、企业和政府必须做出选择。每一个选择都涉及机会成本：所放弃的次优选择的价值。
For example, when a government spends more on healthcare, the opportunity cost may be fewer resources for education. This concept underpins all IB Microeconomics and Macroeconomics questions, especially in Paper 1 part (a) where precise definitions and real-world examples are rewarded.
例如，当政府增加医疗支出时，机会成本可能是教育资源减少。这一概念是所有 IB 微观经济学和宏观经济学问题的基础，尤其是在试卷一第 (a) 部分，准确的定义和现实世界的例子可以获得分数。
Marginal analysis is another key tool in the Tragakes textbook. Rational decision-makers compare marginal benefits with marginal costs; an activity should continue only if marginal benefit exceeds marginal cost. This helps explain consumer choice, firm output decisions, and government policy.
边际分析是 Tragakes 教材中的另一个关键工具。理性决策者会比较边际收益与边际成本；只有在边际收益大于边际成本时才应继续某项活动。这有助于解释消费者选择、企业产出决策和政府政策。
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