📚 IB Physics HL Study Guide | IB 物理高级水平学习指南
The IB Physics Higher Level course challenges students to combine conceptual understanding, mathematical modelling and experimental skills. This guide covers the core syllabus, HL extensions, data-based questions and exam technique. Use it as a revision roadmap for Papers 1, 2 and 3.
IB 物理高级水平（HL）课程要求学生将概念理解、数学建模和实验技能结合起来。本指南涵盖核心大纲、HL 扩展内容、数据题和考试技巧，可作为试卷一、二、三的复习路线图。
1. Understanding the IB Physics HL Syllabus | 理解 IB 物理 HL 大纲
The HL syllabus is organised around themes: space, time and motion; the particulate nature of matter; wave behaviour; fields; and nuclear and quantum physics. HL students study additional topics such as wave phenomena, fields, electromagnetic induction, quantum physics and nuclear physics.
HL 大纲围绕以下主题：空间、时间与运动；物质的粒子性；波动行为；场；核物理与量子物理。HL 学生需额外学习波动现象、场、电磁感应、量子物理和核物理等专题。
The external assessment consists of Paper 1 (multiple choice), Paper 2 (short answer and extended response) and Paper 3 (data-based and option questions). The internal assessment is an individual investigation worth 20% of the final grade.
外部考试包括试卷一（选择题）、试卷二（简答与扩展题）和试卷三（数据题与选修题）。内部评估为个人探究，占总成绩 20%。
2. Command Terms and Mathematical Toolkit | 指令动词与数学工具
IB questions use command terms such as 'state', 'describe', 'explain', 'determine' and 'evaluate'. State requires a concise answer, explain requires a cause-and-effect argument, and evaluate asks for strengths and limitations.
IB 题目使用指令动词，如 'state'（陈述）、'describe'（描述）、'explain'（解释）、'determine'（确定）和 'evaluate'（评价）。陈述要求简洁作答，解释要求因果论证，评价要求分析优点和局限。
Learn to manipulate units, significant figures and scientific notation. The SI base units are kilogram, metre, second, ampere, kelvin, mole and candela. Always express uncertainties with absolute and percentage forms.
学会处理单位、有效数字和科学计数法。SI 基本单位有千克、米、秒、安培、开尔文、摩尔和坎德拉。始终用绝对和百分比形式表示不确定度。
A common kinematic relation is shown below:
一个常见的运动学关系如下所示：
v = u + at
3. Measurements and Uncertainties | 测量与不确定度
Every measurement has uncertainty. The absolute uncertainty is half the smallest division for an analogue instrument. For a digital instrument, it is the least significant digit.
每个测量都有不确定度。模拟仪器绝对不确定度为最小刻度的一半；数字仪器为最低有效位。
When combining quantities, propagate uncertainties: add absolute uncertainties for addition and subtraction; add percentage uncertainties for multiplication and division.
组合物理量时需传递不确定度：加减时绝对不确定度相加；乘除时百分比不确定度相加。
A vector has magnitude and direction; a scalar has magnitude only. Use tip-to-tail addition or components to resolve vectors.
矢量有大小和方向；标量只有大小。用三角形法则或分量法进行矢量合成与分解。
4. Mechanics: Motion, Forces, Work and Momentum | 力学：运动、力、功与动量
The equations of motion apply to uniform acceleration. They are:
匀加速运动方程如下：
v = u + at
s = ut + ½at²
v² = u² + 2as
Newton' ate of change of momentum. Impulse is FΔt = Δp. Momentum is conserved in isolated systems.
牛顿第二定律指出合力等于动量变化率。冲量 FΔt = Δp。孤立系统动量守恒。
θ; power is P = ΔE / Δt. Kinetic energy is ½mv² and gravitational potential energy is mgh.
做功 W = Fs cos θ；功率 P = ΔE / Δt。动能为 ½mv²，重力势能为 mgh。
5. Circular Motion and Gravitation | 圆周运动与引力
rection changes. Centripetal acceleration a = v²/r = ω²r, and centripetal force F = mv²/r.
匀速圆周运动中，速率不变但速度方向变化。向心加速度 a = v²/r = ω²r，向心力 F = mv²/r。
Newton' ation is F = GMm/r². Gravitational field strength at the surface of a planet is g = GM/r².
万有引力定律为 F = GMm/r²。星球表面重力场强度 g = GM/r²。
itational force provides centripetal force. Use GMm/r² = mv²/r to derive orbital speed v = √GM/r.
轨道运动中，万有引力提供向心力。由 GMm/r² = mv²/r 推导轨道速度 v = √GM/r。
6. Thermal Physics and Ideal Gases | 热学与理想气体
ue to a temperature difference. Specific heat capacity is Q = mcΔT; latent heat is Q = mL.
温度衡量粒子平均无规则动能；热量是因温差而转移的能量。比热容 Q = mcΔT；潜热 Q = mL。
T. In terms of molecular motion, pressure is linked to the mean square speed of molecules.
理想气体状态方程为 pV = nRT。从分子运动论看，压强与分子均方速率相关。
HL students must link pressure, volume and temperature using kinetic theory and explain real gas deviations from ideal behaviour.
HL 学生需用分子动理论联系压强、体积和温度，并解释实际气体对理想行为的偏离。
7. Waves and Wave Phenomena (HL) | 波动与波动现象（HL）
A wave transfers energy without transferring matter. Transverse waves have perpendicular displacement; longitudinal waves have parallel displacement.
波传递能量而不传递物质。横波位移与传播方向垂直；纵波位移与传播方向平行。
The wave equation is v = fλ. Intensity is proportional to amplitude squared: I ∝ A².
波动方程为 v = fλ。强度与振幅平方成正比：I ∝ A²。
e Doppler effect. For double-slit interference, path difference d sin θ = nλ gives maxima.
HL 内容涵盖干涉、衍射、分辨本领、偏振和多普勒效应。双缝干涉中，光程差 d sin θ = nλ 对应亮条纹。
erference and single-slit diffraction minima b sin θ = nλ are common HL exam applications.
薄膜干涉和单缝衍射暗纹 b sin θ = nλ 是 HL 考试常见应用。
8. Electricity and Magnetism: Circuits and Fields | 电与磁：电路与场
Ohm' law V = IR applies to ohmic conductors. Electrical power is P = VI = I²R = V²/R. Kirchhoff's laws conserve charge and energy in circuits.
欧姆定律 V = IR 适用于欧姆导体。电功率 P = VI = I²R = V²/R。基尔霍夫定律在电路中守恒电荷和能量。
/q. The potential difference between two points is the work done per unit charge: V = W/q.
电场强度为 E = F/q。两点间电势差为单位电荷做功：V = W/q。
tic fields, force on a moving charge F = qvB sin θ, and electromagnetic induction. Faraday's law gives induced emf ε = -N ΔΦ/Δt.
HL 涵盖磁场、运动电荷受力 F = qvB sin θ 和电磁感应。法拉第定律给出感应电动势 ε = -N ΔΦ/Δt。
Lenz's law states the induced current opposes the change in flux. Transformers and generators rely on this
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