📚 Example 3.4.2 – Application to Divisibility | 例 3.4.2 – 可除性应用
In AQA A-Level Mathematics, proof by induction often appears in two main forms: summation results and divisibility results. Example 3.4.2 focuses on the second type, where you must show a given expression is divisible by a fixed integer for all positive integers n. The key difference from summation is that you usually manipulate f(k+1) into a multiple of f(k) plus a term that is clearly divisible by the required divisor.
在 AQA A-Level 数学中,归纳法证明常以两种主要形式出现:求和结果与可除性结果。例 3.4.2 关注第二种类型,即要求证明某一表达式对所有正整数 n 都能被固定整数整除。与求和题型的主要区别在于,通常需要将 f(k+1) 变形为 f(k) 的倍数,再加上一项显然能被所要求除数整除的项。
1. What Divisibility Induction Means | 可除性归纳法的含义
A divisibility statement has the form "P(n) is divisible by m for all n ∈ ℕ" , and then prove P(k+1) is true. The heart of the proof is the algebra that rewrites f(k+1) using f(k).
可除性命題的形式为“对所有 n ∈ ℕ,P(n) 可被 m 整除”。要用归纳法证明此类命题,必须证明基础情形 P(1) 为真,假设某个 k ≥ 1 时 P(k) 为真,然后证明 P(k+1) 为真。证明的核心是利用代数把 f(k+1) 用 f(k) 表示出来。
2. The Core Example 3.4.2 Statement | 核心例题 3.4.2 陈述
² − 8n − 9 is divisible by 64. This is a standard AQA-style divisibility induction question because the divisor 64 is a power of 2 and the expression contains both an exponential part and a linear part.
我们将证明对所有正整数 n,表达式 f(n) = 3²ⁿ⁺² − 8n − 9 可被 64 整除。这是一道标准的 AQA 风格可除性归纳题,因为除数 64 是 2 的幂,而表达式同时包含指数部分和线性部分。
f(n) = 3²ⁿ⁺² − 8n − 9
3. Step 1 – Base Case n = 1 | 第一步——基础情形 n = 1
f(1) is divisible by 64. Always write this conclusion explicitly; the base case alone is not enough unless you state the divisibility clearly.
当 n = 1 时,计算 f(1) = 3²⁺² − 8(1) − 9 = 3⁴ − 17 = 81 − 17 = 64。因为 64 = 64 × 1,所以 f(1) 可被 64 整除。务必明确写出这一结论;仅仅算出结果而不说明可除性是不够的。
f(1) = 64 = 64 × 1
4. Step 2 – Inductive Hypothesis | 第二步——归纳假设
(k) = 64m for some integer m. This is the statement you may use when proving the k+1 case.
假设命题对 n = k 成立,其中 k 为正整数。也就是说,假设 f(k) = 3²ᵏ⁺² − 8k − 9 可被 64 整除。将其写作 f(k) = 64m,其中 m 为某个整数。这就是在证明 k+1 情形时可以使用的条件。
f(k) = 64m, m ∈ ℤ
5. Step 3 – Forming f(k+1) | 第三步——构造 f(k+1)
⁽ᵏ⁺¹⁾⁺² − 8(k+1) − 9. Simplify the exponent: 2(k+1)+2 = 2k+4, so f(k+1) = 3²ᵏ⁺⁴ − 8k − 17.
在 f 的定义中将 n 替换为 k+1。得到 f(k+1) = 3²⁽ᵏ⁺¹⁾⁺² − 8(k+1) − 9。化简指数:2(k+1)+2 = 2k+4,因此 f(k+1) = 3²ᵏ⁺⁴ − 8k − 17。
f(k+1) = 3²ᵏ⁺⁴ − 8k − 17
6. Step 4 – Linking f(k+1) to f(k) | 第四步——联系 f(k+1) 与 f(k)
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