📚 Example 3.2.2: Tangent and Normal to a Cubic Curve | 示例 3.2.2:三次曲线的切线与法线
In AQA A-Level Pure Mathematics, Example 3.2.2 is a standard routine: given a curve and a point, find the equations of the tangent and the normal. This skill appears in Paper 1 and Paper 2, often as part of a larger question on differentiation or coordinate geometry. This article works through the example in full, identifies common pitfalls, and shows how to adapt the method to exam variations.
在 AQA A-Level 纯数学中,示例 3.2.2 是一道标准常规题:给定一条曲线和一点,求切线和法线的方程。这一技能出现在试卷一和试卷二中,通常作为微分或坐标几何大题的一部分。本文将完整解答该示例,指出常见错误,并展示如何将方法迁移到考试变体。
1. The Question | 题目
s we need two straight-line equations. Both lines pass through the same point on the curve. The tangent touches the curve at that point with the same gradient, while the normal is perpendicular to the tangent.
曲线 C 的方程为 y = x³ − 2x + 1。求 C 在 x = 1 处的切线和法线。这一表述意味着我们需要求两条直线方程。两条线都经过曲线上同一点。切线在该点与曲线相切且斜率相同,而法线则与切线垂直。
y = x³ − 2x + 1, find tangent and normal at x = 1
y = x³ − 2x + 1,求 x = 1 处的切线和法线
2. What dy/dx Tells Us | dy/dx 的含义
/dx gives the gradient of the curve at any point where the function is differentiable. We often call this the gradient function. If you substitute a specific x-value into dy/dx, you obtain the gradient of the tangent at that exact point. The normal uses the negative reciprocal of this gradient.
对于曲线 y = f(x),导数 dy/dx 给出了函数可导的任意点处曲线的斜率。我们常称之为梯度函数。如果将具体的 x 值代入 dy/dx,就能得到该点切线的斜率。法线使用的是这个梯度的负倒数。
gradient is −1/m, provided m ≠ 0. If m = 0, tangent is horizontal and normal is vertical.
请记住:如果切线梯度为 m,则法线梯度为 −1/m,前提是 m ≠ 0。如果 m = 0,切线为水平线,法线为竖直线。
3. Step 1: Differentiate | 第 1 步:求导
e of the constant +1 is 0. Therefore dy/dx = 3x² − 2. This is the gradient function for C.
逐项求导。x³ 的导数是 3x²。−2x 的导数是 −2。常数 +1 的导数是 0。因此 dy/dx = 3x² − 2。这就是曲线 C 的梯度函数。
dy/dx = 3x² − 2
4. Step 2: Gradient at x = 1 | 第 2 步:x = 1 处的梯度
The normal gradient is therefore −1/m = −1. Be careful to use the tangent gradient first.
将 x = 1 代入 dy/dx。得到 3(1)² − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1。所以切线梯度为 m = 1。因此法线梯度为 −1/m = −1。注意要先使用切线梯度。
m_tangent = 1, mnormal = −1
5. Step 3: Find the Point | 第 3 步:求坐标
+ 1 = 0. The point of contact is (1, 0). Both tangent and normal pass through this point.
我们需要 x = 1 时的 y 坐标。将 x = 1 代入原曲线:y = (1)³ − 2(1) + 1 = 1 − 2 + 1 = 0。切点坐标为 (1, 0)。切线和法线都经过这一点。
Point: (1, 0)
6. Equation of Tangent | 切线方程
s gives y − 0 = 1(x − 1), so y = x − 1. In general form this is x − y − 1 = 0 if required.
切线是经过 (1, 0) 且梯度为 1 的直线。使用 y − y₁ = m(x − x₁)。得到 y − 0 = 1(x − 1),因此 y = x − 1。若题目要求一般式,可写为 x − y − 1 = 0。
or ax + by + c = 0 unless a specific form is requested. Always check the question wording.
除非题目明确要求特定形式,AQA 评分方案通常接受 y = mx + c 形式或 ax + by + c = 0 形式。请务必看清题目表述。
Tangent: y = x − 1
7. Equation of Normal | 法线方程
− 0 = −1(x − 1), so y = −x + 1. Rearranging gives x + y = 1. This is the normal equation.
法线的梯度为 −1 且经过 (1, 0)。再次使用 y − y₁ = m(x − x₁),得到 y − 0 = −1(x − 1),所以 y = −x + 1。整理得 x + y = 1。这就是法线方程。
−1, whose product is −1. This confirms the relationship m₁m₂ = −1 for perpendicular lines.
请注意切线和法线互相垂直。它们的梯度分别是 1 和 −1,乘积为 −1。这验证了垂直线的关系 m₁m₂ = −1。
Normal: x + y = 1
8. Common Mistakes | 常见错误
The most common error is forgetting to find the y-coordinate from the original curve. Some students use the derivative to find y, or they substitute x into dy/dx and treat that value as the point. This produces a line through the wrong point and loses marks.
最常见的错误是忘记从原曲线求 y 坐标。一些学生用导数求 y,或将 x 代入 dy/dx 并把该值当作坐标。这样会得到经过错误点的直线,从而失分。
Another common error is using the normal gradient in the tangent equation. Keep a clear order: find tangent gradient m first, then normal gradient −1/m. Mixing them up gives a line that is not perpendicular as required.
另一个常见错误是在切线方程中使用了法线梯度。请保持清晰顺序:先求切线梯度 m,再求法线梯度 −1/m。将两者混淆会得到不满足垂直要求的直线。
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