📚 Linear Transformations | 线性变换
enlargements and shears, and it is represented by a 2 × 2 matrix acting on column vectors.
在 AQA A-level 数学中,线性变换是一种把平面中的每个向量都映射到另一个向量的规则,并且这种映射保持一致、保持结构。它是反射、旋转、伸缩和剪切等几何运动的代数基础,可以用一个作用于列向量的 2 × 2 矩阵表示。
1. What is a Linear Transformation? | 什么是线性变换?
A transformation T is linear if it satisfies additivity and homogeneity: for all vectors u and v and every scalar k, the following identities hold.
如果变换 T 满足可加性和齐次性,即对所有向量 u、v 以及任意标量 k,下列等式都成立,那么它就是线性变换。
T(u + v) = T(u) + T(v) and T(kv) = kT(v)
这两个条件分别称为可加性和齐次性。它们保证变换不会破坏向量加法和标量乘法结构。
o vector to itself: T(0) = 0. So if the origin moves, the transformation cannot be linear.
一个非常实用的检验是:任何线性变换都把零向量映射到它自身,即 T(0) = 0。因此,如果原点发生了移动,该变换就不可能是线性的。
2. Matrix Representation | 矩阵表示
s e₁ = (1, 0) and e₂ = (0, 1) are the columns of M, then M gives the whole transformation.
在二维空间中,任何线性变换都可以写成左乘一个 2 × 2 矩阵的形式。如果基向量 e₁ = (1, 0) 和 e₂ = (0, 1) 的像分别是矩阵 M 的两列,那么 M 就完全确定了这个变换。
| a | b |
| c | d |
). For a general column vector v = (x, y), the image is given by the matrix product below.
第一列是 T(e₁),第二列是 T(e₂)。对于一般的列向量 v = (x, y),它的像由下面的矩阵乘法给出。
Mv = (ax + by, cx + dy)
This column viewpoint is extremely useful: to find a transformation matrix, simply track where the standard basis vectors go.
这种“列观点”非常有用:要求出变换矩阵,只需跟踪标准基向量移动到了哪里。
3. Determinant as Area Scale Factor | 行列式与面积比例因子
, d]] is det M = ad − bc. It tells you the signed area scale factor of the transformation.
变换矩阵 M = [[a, b], [c, d]] 的行列式为 det M = ad − bc。它给出了变换的有向面积比例因子。
det M = ad − bc
If det M is positive, orientation is preserved; if negative, orientation is reversed. The actual area scale factor is |det M|.
如果 det M 为正,则方向保持;如果为负,则方向反转。实际面积比例因子为 |det M|。
4. Reflections | 反射变换
ose in the coordinate axes and the lines y = x and y = −x. Their matrices are given below.
AQA 常考的反射包括关于坐标轴以及直线 y = x 和 y = −x 的反射,其矩阵如下表所示。
| Transformation | Matrix |
|---|---|
| Reflection in the x-axis | 1 0 0 −1 |
| Reflection in the y-axis | −1 0 0 1 |
| Reflection in y = x | 0 1 1 0 |
| Reflection in y = −x | 0 −1 −1 0 |
All reflection matrices have determinant −1 and square to the identity matrix, because reflecting twice returns every point to its original position.
所有反射矩阵的行列式都为 −1,并且平方等于单位矩阵,因为连续反射两次会让每个点回到原来的位置。
5. Rotations | 旋转变换
A rotation about the origin through an angle θ anticlockwise has the following matrix.
绕原点逆时针旋转 θ 角的变换具有下列矩阵。
| cos θ | Published by TutorHao | A-Level Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
